3-hydroxypropionic acid and other organic compounds

ABSTRACT

Methods and materials related to producing 3-HP as well as other organic compounds are disclosed. Specifically, isolated nucleic acids, polypeptides, host cells, and methods and materials for producing 3-HP and other organic compounds are disclosed.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority from the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications, which are herein incorporated by reference: U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/252,123, filed Nov. 20, 2000; U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/285,478, filed Apr. 20, 2001; U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/306,727, filed Jul. 20, 2001; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/317,845, filed Sep. 7, 2001.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The invention relates to enzymes and methods that can be used to produce organic acids and related products.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Organic chemicals such as organic acids, esters, and polyols can be used to synthesize plastic materials and other products. To meet the increasing demand for organic chemicals, more efficient and cost effective production methods are being developed which utilize raw materials based on carbohydrates rather than hydrocarbons. For example, certain bacteria have been used to produce large quantities of lactic acid used in the production of polylactic acid.

[0004] 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) is an organic acid. Although several chemical synthesis routes have been described to produce 3-HP, only one biocatalytic route has been heretofore previously disclosed (WO 01/16346 to Suthers, et al.). 3-HP has utility for specialty synthesis and can be converted to commercially important intermediates by known art in the chemical industry, e.g., acrylic acid by dehydration, malonic acid by oxidation, esters by esterification reactions with alcohols, and reduction to 1,3 propanediol.

SUMMARY

[0005] The invention relates to methods and materials involved in producing 3-hydroxypropionic acid and other organic compounds (e.g., 1,3-propanediol, acrylic acid, polymerized acrylate, esters of acrylate, polymerized 3-HP, esters of 3-HP, and malonic acid and its esters). Specifically; the invention provides nucleic acid molecules, polypeptides, host cells, and methods that can be used to produce 3-HP and other organic compounds such as 1,3-propanediol, acrylic acid, polymerized acrylate, esters of acrylate, polymerized 3-HP, esters of 3-HP, and malonic acid and its esters. 3-HP has potential to be both biologically and commercially important. For example, the nutritional industry can use 3-HP as a food, feed additive or preservative, while the derivatives mentioned above can be produced from 3-HP. The nucleic acid molecules described herein can be used to engineer host cells with the ability to produce 3-HP as well as other organic compounds such as 1,3-propanediol, acrylic acid, polymerized acrylate, esters of acrylate, polymerized 3-HP, and esters of 3-HP. The polypeptides described herein can be used in cell-free systems to make 3-HP as well as other organic compounds such as 1,3-propanediol, acrylic acid, polymerized acrylate, esters of acrylate, polymerized 3-HP, and esters of 3-HP. The host cells described herein can be used in culture systems to produce large quantities of 3-HP as well as other organic compounds such as 1,3-propanediol, acrylic acid, polymerized acrylate, esters of acrylate, polymerized 3-HP, and esters of 3-HP.

[0006] One aspect of the invention provides cells that have lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity, and methods of making products such as those described herein by culturing at least one of the cells that have lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity. In some embodiments, the cell can also contain an exogenous nucleic acid molecule that encodes one or more of the following polypeptides: a polypeptide having E1 activator activity; an E2 α polypeptide that is a subunit of an enzyme having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity; an E2 β polypeptide that is a subunit of an enzyme having lacty-CoA dehydratase activity; and a polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity. Additionally, the cell can have CoA transferase activity, CoA synthetase activity, poly hydroxyacid synthase activity, 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA hydrolase activity, 3-hydroxyisobutryl-CoA hydrolase activity, and/or lipase activity. Moreover, the cell can contain at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule that expresses one or more polypeptides that have CoA transferase activity, 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA hydrolase activity, 3-hydroxyisobutryl-CoA hydrolase activity, CoA synthetase activity, poly hydroxyacid synthase activity, and/or lipase activity.

[0007] In another embodiment of the invention, the cell that has lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity produces a product, for example, 3-HP, polymerized 3-HP, and/or an ester of 3-HP, such as methyl hydroxypropionate, ethyl hydroxypropionate, propyl hydroxypropionate, and/or butyl hydroxypropionate. Accordingly, the invention also provides methods of producing one or more of these products. These methods involve culturing the cell that has lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity under conditions that allow the product to be produced. These cells also can have CoA synthetase activity and/or poly hydroxyacid synthase activity.

[0008] Another aspect of the invention provides cells that have CoA synthetase activity, lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity, and poly hydroxyacid synthase activity. In some embodiments, these cells also can contain an exogenous nucleic acid molecule that encodes one or more of the following polypeptides: a polypeptide having E1 activator activity; an E2 α polypeptide that is a subunit of an enzyme having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity; an E2 β polypeptide that is a subunit of an enzyme having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity; a polypeptide having CoA synthetase activity; and a polypeptide having poly hydroxyacid synthase activity.

[0009] In another embodiment of the invention, the cell that has CoA synthetase activity, lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity, and poly hydroxyacid synthase activity can produce a product, for example, polymerized acrylate.

[0010] Another aspect of the invention provides a cell comprising CoA transferase activity, lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity, and lipase activity. In some embodiments, the cell also can contain an exogenous nucleic acid molecule that encodes one or more of the following polypeptides: a polypeptide having CoA transferase activity; a polypeptide having E1 activator activity; an E2 α polypeptide that is a subunit of an enzyme having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity; an E2 β polypeptide that is a subunit of an enzyme having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity; and a polypeptide having lipase activity. This cell can be used, among other things, to produce products such as esters of acrylate (e.g., methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, and butyl acrylate).

[0011] In some embodiments, 1,3 propanediol can be created from either 3-HP-CoA or 3-HP via the use of polypeptides having enzymatic activity. These polypeptides can be used either in vitro or in vivo. When converting 3-HP-CoA to 1,3 propanediol, polypeptides having oxidoreductase activity or reductase activity (e.g., enzymes from the 1.1.1.-class of enzymes) can be used. Alternatively, when creating 1,3 propanediol from 3-HP, a combination of (1) a polypeptide having aldyhyde dehydrogenase activity (e.g., an enzyme from the 1.1.1.34 class) and (2) a polypeptide having alcohol dehydrogenase activity (e.g., an enzyme from the 1.1.1.32 class) can be used.

[0012] In some embodiments of the invention, products are produced in vitro (outside of a cell). In other embodiments of the invention, products are produced using a combination of in vitro and in vivo (within a cell) methods. In yet other embodiments of the invention, products are produced in vivo. For methods involving in vivo steps, the cells can be isolated cultured cells or whole organisms such as transgenic plants, non-human mammals, or single-celled organisms such as yeast and bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, and Escherichia cells). Hereinafter such cells are referred to as production cells. Products produced by these production cells can be organic products such as 3-HP and/or the nucleic acid molecules and polypeptides described herein.

[0013] Another aspect of the invention provides polypeptides having an amino acid sequence that (1) is set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161, (2) is at least 10 contiguous amino acid residues of a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161, (3) has at least 65 percent sequence identity with at least 10 contiguous amino acid residues of a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161, (4) is a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161 having conservative amino acid substitutions, or (5) has at least 65 percent sequence identity with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37,39,41, 141, 160, or 161. Accordingly, the invention also provides nucleic acid sequences that encode any of the polypeptides described herein as well as specific binding agents that bind to any of the polypeptides described herein. Likewise, the invention provides transformed cells that contain any of the nucleic acid sequences that encode any of the polypeptides described herein. These cells can be used to produce nucleic acid molecules, polypeptides, and organic compounds. The polypeptides can be used to catalyze the formation of organic compounds or can be used as antigens to create specific binding agents.

[0014] In yet another embodiment, the invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules that contain at least one of the following nucleic acid sequences: (1) a nucleic acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129, 140, 142, 162, or 163; (2) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 10 consecutive nucleotides from a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129, 140, 142, 162, or 163; (3) a nucleic acid sequences that hybridize under hybridization conditions (e.g., moderately or highly stringent hybridization conditions) to a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129, 140, 142, 162, or 163; (4) a nucleic acid sequence having 65 percent sequence identity with at least 10 consecutive nucleotides from a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129, 140, 142, 162, or 163; and (5) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 65 percent sequence identity with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129, 140, 142, 162, or 163. Accordingly, the invention also provides a production cell that contains at least one exogenous nucleic acid having any the nucleic acid sequences provided above. The production cell can be used to express polypeptides that have an enzymatic activity such as CoA transferase activity, lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity, CoA synthase activity, dehydratase activity, dehydrogenase activity, malonyl CoA reductase activity, β-alanine ammonia lyase activity, and/or 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity. Accordingly, the invention also provides methods of producing polypeptides encoded by the nucleic acid sequences described above.

[0015] The invention also provides several methods such as methods for making 3-HP from lactate, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), or pyruvate. In some embodiments, methods for making 3-SIP from lactate, PEP, or pyruvate involve culturing a cell containing at least one exogenous nucleic acid under conditions that allow the cell to produce 3-HP. These methods can be practiced using the various types of production cells described herein. In some embodiments, the production cells can have one or more of the following activities: CoA transferase activity, 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA hydrolase activity, 3-hydroxyisobutryl-CoA hydrolase activity, dehydratase activity, and/or malonyl CoA reductase activity.

[0016] In other embodiments, the methods involve making 3-HP wherein lactate is contacted with a first polypeptide having CoA trasferase activity or CoA synthetase activity such that lactyl-CoA is formed, then contacting lactyl-CoA with a second polypeptide having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity to form acrylyl-CoA, then contacting acrylyl-CoA with a third polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity to form 3-hydroxypropionic acid-CoA, and then contacting 3-hydroxypropionic acid-CoA with the first polypeptide to form 3-HP or with a fourth polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA hydrolase activity or 3-hydroxyisobutryl-CoA hydrolase activity to form 3-HP.

[0017] Another aspect of the invention provides methods for making polymerized 3-HP. These methods involve making 3-hydroxypropionic acid-CoA as described above, and then contacting the 3-hydroxypropionic acid-CoA with a polypeptide having poly hydroxyacid synthase activity to form polymerized 3-HP.

[0018] In yet another embodiment of the invention, methods for making an ester of 3-HP are provided. These methods involve making 3-HP as described above, and then additionally contacting 3-HP with a fifth polypeptide having lipase activity to form an ester.

[0019] The invention also provides methods for making polymerized acrylate. These methods involve culturing a cell that has both CoA synthetase activity, lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity, and poly hydroxyacid synthase activity such that polymerized acrylate is made. Accordingly, the invention also provides methods of making polymerized acrylate wherein lactate is contacted with a first polypeptide having CoA synthetase activity to form lactyl-CoA, then contacting lactyl-CoA with a second polypeptide having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity to form acrylyl-CoA, and then contacting acrylyl-CoA with a third polypeptide having poly hydroxyacid synthase activity to form polymerized acrylate.

[0020] The invention also provides methods of making an ester of acrylate. These methods involve culturing a cell that has CoA transferase activity, lipase activity, and lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity under conditions that allow the cell to produce an ester.

[0021] In another embodiment, the invention provides methods for making an ester of acrylate, wherein acrylyl-CoA is formed as described above, and then acrylyl-CoA is contacted with a polypeptide having CoA transferase activity to form acrylate, and acrylate is contacted with a polypeptide having lipase activity to form the ester.

[0022] The invention also provides methods for making 3-HP. These methods involve culturing a cell containing at least one exogenous nucleic acid that encodes at least one polypeptide such that 3-HP is produced from acetyl-CoA or malonyl-CoA.

[0023] Alternative embodiments provide methods of making 3-HP, wherein acetyl-CoA is contacted with a first polypeptide having acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity to form malonyl-CoA, and malonyl-CoA is contacted with a second polypeptide having malonyl-CoA reductase activity to form 3-HP.

[0024] In other embodiments, malonyl-CoA can be contacted with a polypeptide having malonyl-CoA reductase activity so that 3-HP can be made.

[0025] In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for making 3-HP that uses a β-alanine intermediate. This method can be performed by contacting β-alanine CoA with a first polypeptide having β-alanyl-CoA ammonia lyase activity (such as a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 160 or 161) to form acrylyl-CoA, contacting acrylyl-CoA with a second polypeptide having 3-HP-CoA dehydratase activity to form 3-HP-CoA, and contacting 3-HP-CoA with a third polypeptide having glutamate dehydrogenase activity to make 3-HP.

[0026] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

[0027] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0028]FIG. 1 is a diagram of a pathway for making 3-HP.

[0029]FIG. 2 is a diagram of a pathway for making polymerized 3-HP.

[0030]FIG. 3 is a diagram of a pathway for making esters of 3-HP.

[0031]FIG. 4 is a diagram of a pathway for making polymerized acrylic acid.

[0032]FIG. 5 is a diagram of a pathway for making esters of acrylate.

[0033]FIG. 6 is a listing of a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a polypeptide having CoA transferase activity (SEQ ID NO:1).

[0034]FIG. 7 is a listing of an amino acid sequence of a polypeptide having CoA transferase activity (SEQ ID NO:2).

[0035]FIG. 8 is an alignment of the nucleic acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs:1, 3, 4, and 5.

[0036]FIG. 9 is an alignment of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs:2, 6,7,and 8.

[0037]FIG. 10 is a listing of a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a polypeptide having E1 activator activity (SEQ ID NO:9).

[0038]FIG. 11 is a listing of an amino acid sequence of a polypeptide having E1 activator activity (SEQ ID NO: 10).

[0039]FIG. 12 is an alignment of the nucleic acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs:9, 11, 12, and 13.

[0040]FIG. 13 is an alignment of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs:10, 14, 15, and 16.

[0041]FIG. 14 is a listing of a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an E2 α subunit of an enzyme having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity (SEQ ID NO: 17).

[0042]FIG. 15 is a listing of an amino acid sequence of an E2 α subunit of an enzyme having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity (SEQ ID NO:18).

[0043]FIG. 16 is an alignment of the nucleic acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs:17, 19, 20, and 21.

[0044]FIG. 17 is an alignment of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs:18, 22, 23, and 24.

[0045]FIG. 18 is a listing of a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an E2 β subunit of an enzyme having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity (SEQ ID NO:25). The “G” at position 443 can be an “A”; and the “A” at position 571 can be a “G”.

[0046]FIG. 19 is a listing of an amino acid sequence of an E2 β subunit of an enzyme having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity (SEQ ID NO:26).

[0047]FIG. 20 is an alignment of the nucleic acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs:25, 27, 28, and 29.

[0048]FIG. 21 is an alignment of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs:26, 30, 31, and 32.

[0049]FIG. 22 is a listing of a nucleic acid sequence of genomic DNA from Megasphaera elsdenii (SEQ ID NO:33).

[0050]FIG. 23 is a listing of a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a polypeptide from Megasphaera elsdenii (SEQ ID NO:34).

[0051]FIG. 24 is a listing of an amino acid sequence of a polypeptide from Megasphaera elsdenii (SEQ ID NO:35).

[0052]FIG. 25 is a listing of a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a polypeptide having enzymatic activity (SEQ ID NO:36).

[0053]FIG. 26 is a listing of an amino acid sequence of a polypeptide having enzymatic activity (SEQ ID NO:37).

[0054]FIG. 27 is a listing of a nucleic acid sequence that contains non-coding as well as coding sequence of a polypeptide having CoA synthase, dehydratase, and dehydrogenase activity (SEQ ID NO:38). The start site for the coding sequence is at position 480, a ribosome binding site is at position 466-473, and the stop codon is at position 5946.

[0055]FIG. 28 is a listing of an amino acid sequence from a polypeptide having CoA synthase, dehydratase, and dehydrogenase activity (SEQ ID NO:39).

[0056]FIG. 29 is a listing of a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity (SEQ ID NO:40).

[0057]FIG. 30 is a listing of an amino acid sequence of a polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity (SEQ ID NO:41).

[0058]FIG. 31 is a listing of a nucleic acid sequence that contains non-coding as well as coding sequence of a polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity (SEQ ID NO:42).

[0059]FIG. 32 is an alignment of the nucleic acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs:40, 43, 44, and 45.

[0060]FIG. 33 is an alignment of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs:41, 46, 47, and 48.

[0061]FIG. 34 is a diagram of the construction of a synthetic operon (PTDH) that encodes for polypeptides having CoA transferase activity, lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity (E1, E2 α, and E2 β), and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity (3-HPCoA dehydratase).

[0062]FIGS. 35A and B is a diagram of the construction of a synthetic operon (pHTD) that encodes for polypeptides having CoA transferase activity, lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity (E1, E2 α, and E2 β), and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity (3-HP-CoA dehydratase).

[0063]FIGS. 36A and B is a diagram of the construction of a synthetic operon (pEIITHrEI) that encodes for polypeptides having CoA transferase activity, lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity (E1, E2 α, and E2 β), and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity (3-HP-CoA dehydratase).

[0064]FIGS. 37A and B is a diagram of the construction of a synthetic operon (pEIITHEI) that encodes for polypeptides having CoA transferase activity, lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity (E1, E2 α, and E2 β), and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity (3-HP-CoA dehydratase).

[0065]FIGS. 38A and B is a diagram of the construction of two plasmids, pEIITH and pPROEI. The pEIITH plasmid encodes polypeptides having CoA transferase activity, lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity (E2 α and E2 β), and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity (3-HP-CoA dehydratase), and the pPROEI plasmid encodes a polypeptide having E1 activator activity.

[0066]FIG. 39 is a listing of a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a polypeptide having CoA synthase, dehydratase, and dehydrogenase activity (SEQ ID NO: 129).

[0067]FIG. 40 is an alignment of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs:39, 130, and 131. The uppercase amino acid residues represent positions where that amino acid residue is present in two or more sequences.

[0068]FIG. 41 is an alignment of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs:39, 132, and 133. The uppercase amino acid residues represent positions where that amino acid residue is present in two or more sequences.

[0069]FIG. 42 is an alignment of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 39, 134, and 135. The uppercase amino acid residues represent positions where that amino acid residue is present in two or more sequences.

[0070]FIG. 43 is a diagram of several pathways for making organic compounds using the multifunctional OS17 enzyme.

[0071]FIG. 44 is a diagram of a pathway for making 3-HP via acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA.

[0072]FIG. 45 is a diagram of pMSD8, pET30a/accl, pFN476, and PET286 constructs.

[0073]FIG. 46 contains a total ion chromatogram and five mass spectrums of Coenzyme A thioesters. Panel A is total ion chromatogram illustrating the separation of Coenzyme A and four CoA-organic thioesters: 1=Coenzyme A, 2=lactyl-CoA, 3=acetyl-CoA, 4=acrylyl-CoA, 5=propionyl-CoA. Panel B is a mass spectrum of Coenzyme A. Panel C is a mass spectrum of lactyl-CoA. Panel D is a mass spectrum of acetyl-CoA. Panel E is a mass spectrum of acrylyl-CoA. Panel F is a mass spectrum of propionyl-CoA.

[0074]FIG. 47 contains ion chromatograms and mass spectrums. Panel A is a total ion chromatogram of a mixture of lactyl-CoA and 3-HP-CoA. The Panel A insert is the mass spectrum recorded under peak 1. Panel B is a total ion chromatogram of lactyl-CoA. The Panel B insert is the mass spectrum recorded under peak 2. In each panel, peak 1 is 3-HP-CoA, and peak 2 is lactyl-CoA. The peak labeled with an asterisk was confirmed not to be a CoA ester.

[0075]FIG. 48 contains ion chromatograms and mass spectrums. Panel A is a total ion chromatogram of CoA esters derived from a broth produced by E. coli transfected with pEIITHrEI. The Panel A insert is the mass spectrum recorded under peak 1. Panel B is a total ion chromatogram of CoA esters derived from a broth produced by control E. coli not transfected with pEIITHrEI. The Panel B insert is the mass spectrum recorded under peak 2. In each panel, peak 1 is 3-HP-CoA, and peak 2 is lactyl-CoA. The peaks labeled with an asterisk were confirmed not to be a CoA ester.

[0076]FIG. 49 is a listing of a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a polypeptide having malonyl-CoA reductase activity (SEQ ID NO: 140).

[0077]FIG. 50 is a listing of an amino acid sequence of a polypeptide having malonyl-CoA reductase activity (SEQ ID NO:141).

[0078]FIG. 51 is a listing of a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a portion of a polypeptide having malonyl-CoA reductase activity (SEQ ID NO: 142).

[0079]FIG. 52 is an alignment of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, and 147.

[0080]FIG. 53 is an alignment of the nucleic acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 140, 148, 149, 150, 151, and 152.

[0081]FIG. 54 is a diagram of a pathway for making 3-HP via a β-alanine intermediate.

[0082]FIG. 55 is a diagram of a pathway for making 3-HP via a β-alanine intermediate.

[0083]FIG. 56 is a listing of an amino acid sequence of a polypeptide having β-alanyl-CoA ammonia lyase activity (SEQ ID NO: 160).

[0084]FIG. 57 is a listing of an amino acid sequence of a polypeptide having β-alanyl-CoA ammonia lyase activity (SEQ ID NO:161).

[0085]FIG. 58 is a listing of a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a polypeptide having β-alanyl-CoA ammonia lyase activity (SEQ ID NO:162).

[0086]FIG. 59 is a listing of a nucleic acid sequence that can encode a polypeptide having β-alanyl-CoA ammonia lyase activity (SEQ ID NO:163).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Terms

[0087] Nucleic acid: The term “nucleic acid” as used herein encompasses both RNA and DNA including, without limitation, cDNA, genomic DNA, and synthetic (e.g., chemically synthesized) DNA. The nucleic acid can be double-stranded or single-stranded. Where single-stranded, the nucleic acid can be the sense strand or the antisense strand. In addition, nucleic acid can be circular or linear.

[0088] Isolated: The term “isolated” as used herein with reference to nucleic acid refers to a naturally-occurring nucleic acid that is not immediately contiguous with both of the sequences with which it is immediately contiguous (one on the 5′ end and one on the 3′ end) in the naturally-occurring genome of the organism from which it is derived. For example, an isolated nucleic acid can be, without limitation, a recombinant DNA molecule of any length, provided one of the nucleic acid sequences normally found immediately flanking that recombinant DNA molecule in a naturally-occurring genome is removed or absent. Thus, an isolated nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a recombinant DNA that exists as a separate molecule (e.g., a cDNA or a genomic DNA fragment produced by PCR or restriction endonuclease treatment) independent of other sequences as well as recombinant DNA that is incorporated into a vector, an autonomously replicating plasmid, a virus (e.g., a retrovirus, adenovirus, or herpes virus), or into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote. In addition, an isolated nucleic acid can include a recombinant DNA molecule that is part of a hybrid or fusion nucleic acid sequence.

[0089] The term “isolated” as used herein with reference to nucleic acid also includes any non-naturally-occurring nucleic acid since non-naturally-occurring nucleic acid sequences are not found in nature and do not have immediately contiguous sequences in a naturally-occurring genome. For example, non-naturally-occurring nucleic acid such as an engineered nucleic acid is considered to be isolated nucleic acid. Engineered nucleic acid can be made using common molecular cloning or chemical nucleic acid synthesis techniques. Isolated non-naturally-occurring nucleic acid can be independent of other sequences, or incorporated into a vector, an autonomously replicating plasmid, a virus (e.g., a retrovirus, adenovirus, or herpes virus), or the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote. In addition, a non-naturally-occurring nucleic acid can include a nucleic acid molecule that is part of a hybrid or fusion nucleic acid sequence.

[0090] It will be apparent to those of skill in the art that a nucleic acid existing among hundreds to millions of other nucleic acid molecules within, for example, cDNA or genomic libraries, or gel slices containing a genomic DNA restriction digest is not to be considered an isolated nucleic acid.

[0091] Exogenous: The term “exogenous” as used herein with reference to nucleic acid and a particular cell refers to any nucleic acid that does not originate from that particular cell as found in nature. Thus, non-naturally-occurring nucleic acid is considered to be exogenous to a cell once introduced into the cell. Nucleic acid that is naturally-occurring also can be exogenous to a particular cell. For example, an entire chromosome isolated from a cell of person X is an exogenous nucleic acid with respect to a cell of person Y once that chromosome is introduced into Y's cell.

[0092] Hybridization: The term “hybridization” as used herein refers to a method of testing for complimentarily in the nucleotide sequence of two nucleic acid molecules, based on the ability of complementary single-stranded DNA and/or RNA to form a duplex molecule. Nucleic acid hybridization techniques can be used to obtain an isolated nucleic acid within the scope of the invention. Briefly, any nucleic acid having some homology to a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO,1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129, 140, 142, 162, or 163 can be used as a probe to identify a similar nucleic acid by hybridization under conditions of moderate to high stringency. Once identified, the nucleic acid then can be purified, sequenced, and analyzed to determine whether it is within the scope of the invention as described herein.

[0093] Hybridization can be done by Southern or Northern analysis to identify a DNA or RNA sequence, respectively, that hybridizes to a probe. The probe can be labeled with a biotin, digoxygenin, an enzyme, or a radioisotope such as ³²P. The DNA or RNA to be analyzed can be electrophoretically separated on an agarose or polyacrylamide gel, transferred to nitrocellulose, nylon, or other suitable membrane, and hybridized with the probe using standard techniques well known in the art such as those described in sections 7.39-7.52 of Sambrook et al., (1989) Molecular Cloning, second edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Plainview, N.Y. Typically, a probe is at least about 20 nucleotides in length. For example, a probe corresponding to a 20 nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129, 140, or 142 can be used to identify an identical or similar nucleic acid. In addition, probes longer or shorter than 20 nucleotides can be used.

[0094] The invention also provides isolated nucleic acid sequences that are at least about 12 bases in length (e.g., at least about 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 4000, or 5000 bases in length) and hybridize, under hybridization conditions, to the sense or antisense strand of a nucleic acid having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129, 140, 142, 162, or 163. The hybridization conditions can be moderately or highly stringent hybridization conditions.

[0095] For the purpose of this invention, moderately stringent hybridization conditions mean the hybridization is performed at about 42° C. in a hybridization solution containing 25 mM KPO₄ (pH 7.4), 5×SSC, 5×Denhart's solution, 50 μg/mL denatured, sonicated salmon sperm DNA, 50% formamide, 10% Dextran sulfate, and 1-15 ng/mL probe (about 5×10⁷ cpm/μg), while the washes are performed at about 50° C. with a wash solution containing 2×SSC and 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate.

[0096] Highly stringent hybridization conditions mean the hybridization is performed at about 42° C. in a hybridization solution containing 25 mM KPO₄ (pH 7.4), 5×SSC, 5×Denhart's solution, 50 μg/mL denatured, sonicated salmon sperm DNA, 50% formamide, 10% Dextran sulfate, and 1-15 ng/mL probe (about 5×10⁷ cpm/μg), while the washes are performed at about 65° C. with a wash solution containing 0.2×SSC and 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate.

[0097] Purified: The term “purified” as used herein does not require absolute purity; rather, it is intended as a relative term. Thus, for example, a purified polypeptide or nucleic acid preparation can be one in which the subject polypeptide or nucleic acid, respectively, is at a higher concentration than the polypeptide or nucleic acid would be in its natural environment within an organism. For example, a polypeptide preparation can be considered purified if the polypeptide content in the preparation represents at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 98%, or 99% of the total protein content of the preparation.

[0098] Transformed: A “transformed” cell is a cell into which a nucleic acid molecule has been introduced by, for example, molecular biology techniques. As used herein, the term “transformation” encompasses all techniques by which a nucleic acid molecule might be introduced into such a cell including, without limitation, transfection with a viral vector, conjugation, transformation with a plasmid vector, and introduction of naked DNA by electroporation, lipofection, and particle gun acceleration.

[0099] Recombinant: A “recombinant” nucleic acid is one having (1) a sequence that is not naturally occurring in the organism in which it is expressed or (2) a sequence made by an artificial combination of two otherwise-separated, shorter sequences. This artificial combination is often accomplished by chemical synthesis or, more commonly, by the artificial manipulation of isolated segments of nucleic acids, e.g., by genetic engineering techniques. “Recombinant” is also used to describe nucleic acid molecules that have been artificially manipulated, but contain the same regulatory sequences and coding regions that are found in the organism from which the nucleic acid was isolated.

[0100] Specific binding agent: A “specific binding agent” is an agent that is capable of specifically binding to any of the polypeptide described herein, and can include polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies (including humanized monoclonal antibodies), and fragments of monoclonal antibodies such as Fab, F(ab′)₂, and Fv fragments as well as any other agent capable of specifically binding to an epitope of such polypeptides.

[0101] Antibodies to the polypeptides provided herein (or fragments thereof) can be used to purify or identify such polypeptides. The amino acid and nucleic acid sequences provided herein allow for the production of specific antibody-based binding agents that recognize the polypeptides described herein.

[0102] Monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies can be produced to the polypeptides, portions of the polypeptides, or variants thereof. Optimally, antibodies raised against one or more epitopes on a polypeptide antigen will specifically detect that polypeptide. That is, antibodies raised against one particular polypeptide would recognize and bind that particular polypeptide, and would not substantially recognize or bind to other polypeptides. The determination that an antibody specifically binds to a particular polypeptide is made by any one of a number of standard immunoassay methods; for instance, Western blotting (See, e.g., Sambrook et al. (ed.), Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., vol.1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989).

[0103] To determine that a given antibody preparation (such as a preparation produced in a mouse against a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2) specifically detects the appropriate polypeptide (e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2) by Western blotting, total cellular protein can be extracted from cells and separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The separated total cellular protein can then be transferred to a membrane (e.g., nitrocellulose), and the antibody preparation incubated with the membrane. After washing the membrane to remove non-specifically bound antibodies, the presence of specifically bound antibodies can be detected using an appropriate secondary antibody (e.g., an anti-mouse antibody) conjugated to an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase since application of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate/nitro blue tetrazolium results in the production of a densely blue-colored compound by immuno-localized alkaline phosphatase.

[0104] Substantially pure polypeptides suitable for use as an immunogen can be obtained from transfected cells, transformed cells, or wild-type cells. Polypeptide concentrations in the final preparation can be adjusted, for example, by concentration on an Amicon filter device, to the level of a few micrograms per milliliter. In addition, polypeptides ranging in size from full-length polypeptides to polypeptides having as few as nine amino acid residues can be utilized as immunogens. Such polypeptides can be produced in cell culture, can be chemically synthesized using standard methods, or can be obtained by cleaving large polypeptides into smaller polypeptides that can be purified. Polypeptides having as few as nine amino acid residues in length can be immunogenic when presented to an immune system in the context of a Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecule such as an MHC class I or MHC class II molecule. Accordingly, polypeptides having at least 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60) 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 900, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, or more consecutive amino acid residues of any amino acid sequence disclosed herein can be used as immunogens for producing antibodies.

[0105] Monoclonal antibodies to any of the polypeptides disclosed herein can be prepared from murine hybridomas according to the classic method of Kohler & Milstein (Nature 256:495 (1975)) or a derivative method thereof.

[0106] Polyclonal antiserum containing antibodies to the heterogeneous epitopes of any polypeptide disclosed herein can be prepared by immunizing suitable animals with the polypeptide (or fragment thereof), which can be unmodified or modified to enhance immunogenicity. An effective immunization protocol for rabbits can be found in Vaitukaitis et al. (J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 33:988-991 (1971)).

[0107] Antibody fragments can be used in place of whole antibodies and can be readily expressed in prokaryotic host cells. Methods of making and using immunologically effective portions of monoclonal antibodies, also referred to as “antibody fragments,” are well known and include those described in Better & Horowitz (Methods Enzymol. 178:476-496 (1989)), Glockshuber et al. (Biochemistry 29:1362-1367 (1990), U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,237 (“Expression of Functional Antibody Fragments”), U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,778 (“Single Polypeptide Chain Binding Molecules”), U.S. Pat. No. 5,455,030 (“Immunotherapy Using Single Chain Polypeptide Binding Molecules”), and references cited therein.

[0108] Operably linked: A first nucleic acid sequence is “operably linked” with a second nucleic acid sequence whenever the first nucleic acid sequence is placed in a functional relationship with the second nucleic acid sequence. For instance, a promoter is operably linked to a coding sequence if the promoter affects the transcription of the coding sequence. Generally, operably linked DNA sequences are contiguous and, where necessary to join two polypeptide-coding regions, in the same reading frame.

[0109] Probes and primers: Nucleic acid probes and primers can be prepared readily based on the amino acid sequences and nucleic acid sequences provided herein. A “probe” includes an isolated nucleic acid containing a detectable label or reporter molecule. Typical labels include radioactive isotopes, ligands, chemiluminescent agents, and enzymes. Methods for labeling and guidance in the choice of labels appropriate for various purposes are discussed in, for example, Sambrook et al. (ed.), Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 2nd ed., vol. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989, and Ausubel et al (ed.) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York (with periodic updates), 1987.

[0110] “Primers” are typically nucleic acid molecules having ten or more nucleotides (e.g., nucleic acid molecules having between about 10 nucleotides and about 100 nucleotides). A primer can be annealed to a complementary target nucleic acid strand by nucleic acid hybridization to form a hybrid between the primer and the target nucleic acid strand, and then extended along the target nucleic acid strand by, for example, a DNA polymerase enzyme. Primer pairs can be used for amplification of a nucleic acid sequence, for example, by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other nucleic-acid amplification methods known in the art.

[0111] Methods for preparing and using probes and primers are described, for example, in references such as Sambrook et al. (ed.), Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., vol. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989; Ausubel et al. (ed.), Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York (with periodic updates), 1987; and Innis et al., PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press: San Diego, 1990. PCR primer pairs can be derived from a known sequence, for example, by using computer programs intended for that purpose such as Primer (Version 0.5, .COPYRGT. 1991, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Mass.). One of skill in the art will appreciate that the specificity of a particular probe or primer increases with the length, but that a probe or primer can range in size from a full-length sequence to sequences as short as five consecutive nucleotides. Thus, for example, a primer of 20 consecutive nucleotides can anneal to a target with a higher specificity than a corresponding primer of only 15 nucleotides. Thus, in order to obtain greater specificity, probes and primers can be selected that comprise, for example, 10, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650, 1700, 1750, 1800, 1850, 1900, 2000, 2050, 2100, 2150, 2200, 2250, 2300, 2350, 2400, 2450, 2500, 2550, 2600, 2650, 2700, 2750, 2800, 2850, 2900, 3000, 3050, 3100, 3150, 3200, 3250, 3300, 3350, 3400, 3450, 3500, 3550, 3600, 3650, 3700, 3750, 3800, 3850, 3900, 4000, 4050, 4100, 4150, 4200, 4250, 4300, 4350, 4400, 4450, 4500, 4550, 4600, 4650, 4700, 4750, 4800, 4850, 4900, 5000, 5050, 5100, 5150, 5200, 5250, 5300, 5350, 5400, 5450, or more consecutive nucleotides.

[0112] Percent sequence identity: The “percent sequence identity” between a particular nucleic acid or amino acid sequence and a sequence referenced by a particular sequence identification number is determined as follows. First, a nucleic acid or amino acid sequence is compared to the sequence set forth in a particular sequence identification number using the BLAST 2 Sequences (Bl2seq) program from the stand-alone version of BLASTZ containing BLASTN version 2.0.14 and BLASTP version 2.0.14. This stand-alone version of BLASTZ can be obtained from Fish & Richardson's web site (www.fr.com) or the United States government's National Center for Biotechnology Information web site (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Instructions explaining how to use the B12seq program can be found in the readme file accompanying BLASTZ. B12seq performs a comparison between two sequences using either the BLASTN or BLASTP algorithm. BLASTN is used to compare nucleic acid sequences, while BLASTP is used to compare amino acid sequences. To compare two nucleic acid sequences, the options are set as follows: -i is set to a file containing the first nucleic acid sequence to be compared (e.g., C:\seq1.txt); -j is set to a file containing the second nucleic acid sequence to be compared (e.g., C:\seq2.txt); -p is set to blastn; -o is set to any desired file name (e.g., C:\output.txt); -q is set to −1; -r is set to 2; and all other options are left at their default setting. For example, the following command can be used to generate an output file containing a comparison between two sequences: C:\Bl2seq -i c:\seq1.txt -j c:\seq2.txt -p blastn -o c:\output.txt -q −1 -r 2. To compare two amino acid sequences, the options of Bl2seq are set as follows: -i is set to a file containing the first amino acid sequence to be compared (e.g., C:\seq1.txt); -j is set to a file containing the second amino acid sequence to be compared (e.g., C:\seq2.txt); -p is set to blastp; -o is set to any desired file name (e.g., C:\output.txt); and all other options are left at their default setting. For example, the following command can be used to generate an output file containing a comparison between two amino acid sequences: C:\Bl2seq -i c:\seq1.txt -j c:\seq2.txt -p blastp -o c:\output.txt. If the two compared sequences share homology, then the designated output file will present those regions of homology as aligned sequences. If the two compared sequences do not share homology, then the designated output file will not present aligned sequences.

[0113] Once aligned, the number of matches is determined by counting the number of positions where an identical nucleotide or amino acid residue is presented in both sequences. The percent sequence identity is determined by dividing the number of matches either by the length of the sequence set forth in the identified sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO:1), or by an articulated length (e.g., 100 consecutive nucleotides or amino acid residues from a sequence set forth in an identified sequence), followed by multiplying the resulting value by 100. For example, a nucleic acid sequence that has 1166 matches when aligned with the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 is 75.0 percent identical to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 (i.e., 1166÷1554*100=75.0). It is noted that the percent sequence identity value is rounded to the nearest tenth. For example, 75.11, 75.12, 75.13, and 75.14 is rounded down to 75.1, while 75.15, 75.16, 75.17, 75.18, and 75.19 is rounded up to 75.2. It is also noted that the length value will always be an integer. In another example, a target sequence containing a 20-nucleotide region that aligns with 20 consecutive nucleotides from an identified sequence as follows contains a region that shares 75 percent sequence identity to that identified sequence (i.e., 15÷20*100=75). 1                  20 Target Sequence: AGGTCGTGTACTGTCAGTCA | || ||| |||| |||| | Identified Sequence: ACGTGGTGAACTGCCAGTGA

[0114] Conservative substitution: The term “conservative substitution” as used herein refers to any of the amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 1. Typically, conservative substitutions have little to no impact on the activity of a polypeptide. A polypeptide can be produced to contain one or more conservative substitutions by manipulating the nucleotide sequence that encodes that polypeptide using, for example, standard procedures such as site directed mutagenesis or PCR TABLE 1 Original Conservative Residue Substitution(s) Ala ser Arg lys Asn gln; his Asp glu Cys ser Gln asn Glu asp Gly pro His asn; gln Ile leu; val Leu ile; val Lys arg; gln; glu Met leu; ile Phe met; leu; tyr Ser thr Thr ser Trp tyr Tyr trp; phe Val ile; leu

II. Metabolic Pathways

[0115] The invention provides methods and materials related to producing 3-HP as well as other organic compounds (e.g., 1,3-propanediol, acrylic acid, polymerized acrylate, esters of acrylate, polymerized 3-HP, and esters of 3-HP). Specifically, the invention provides isolated nucleic acids, polypeptides, host cells, and methods and materials for producing 3-HP as well as other organic compounds such as 1,3-propanediol, acrylic acid, polymerized acrylate, esters of acrylate, polymerized 3-HP, and esters of 3-HP.

[0116] Accordingly, the invention provides several metabolic pathways that can be used to produce organic compounds from PEP (FIGS. 1-5, 43 44, 54, and 55). As depicted in FIG. 1, lactate can be converted into lactyl-CoA by a polypeptide having CoA transferase activity (EC 2.8.3.1); the resulting lactyl-CoA can be converted into acrylyl-CoA by a polypeptide (or multiple polypeptide complex such as an activated E2 α and E2 β complex) having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity (EC 4.2.1.54); the resulting acrylyl-CoA can be converted into 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA (3-HP-CoA) by a polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity (EC 4.2.1.-); and the resulting 3-HP-CoA can be converted into 3-HP by a polypeptide having CoA transferase activity, a polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA hydrolase activity (EC 3.1.2.-), or a polypeptide having 3-hydroxyisobutryl-CoA hydrolase activity (EC 3.1.2.4).

[0117] Polypeptides having CoA transferase activity as well as nucleic acid encoding such polypeptides can be obtained from various species including, without limitation, Megasphaera elsdenii, Clostridium propionicum, Clostridium kluyveri, and Escherichia coli. For example, nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide having CoA transferase activity can be obtained from Megasphaera elsdenii as described in Example 1 and can have a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In addition, polypeptides having CoA transferase activity as well as nucleic acid encoding such polypeptides can be obtained as described herein. For example, the variations to SEQ ID NO: 1 provided herein can be used to encode a polypeptide having CoA transferase activity.

[0118] Polypeptides (or the polypeptides of a multiple polypeptide complex such as an activated E2 α and E2 β complex) having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity as well as nucleic acid encoding such polypeptides can be obtained from various species including, without limitation, Megasphaera elsdenii and Clostridium propionicum. For example, nucleic acid encoding an E1 activator, an E2 α subunit, and an E2 β subunit that can form a multiple polypeptide complex having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity can be obtained from Megasphaera elsdenii as described in Example 2. The nucleic acid encoding the E1 activator can contain a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9; the nucleic acid encoding the E2 α subunit can contain a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17; and the nucleic acid encoding the E2 β subunit can contain a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 25. In addition, polypeptides (or the polypeptides of a multiple polypeptide complex) having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity as well as nucleic acid encoding such polypeptides can be obtained as described herein. For example, the variations to SEQ ID NO: 9, 17, and 25 provided herein can be used to encode the polypeptides of a multiple polypeptide complex having CoA transferase activity.

[0119] Polypeptides having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity as well as nucleic acid encoding such polypeptides can be obtained from various species including, without limitation, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, Candida rugosa, Rhodospirillum rubrum, and Rhodobacter capsulates. For example, nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity can be obtained from Chloroflexus aurantiacus as described in Example 3 and can have a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 40. In addition, polypeptides having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity as well as nucleic acid encoding such polypeptides can be obtained as described herein. For example, the variations to SEQ ID NO: 40 provided herein can be used to encode a polypeptide having 3 -hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity.

[0120] Polypeptides having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA hydrolase activity as well as nucleic acid encoding such polypeptides can be obtained from various species including, without limitation, Candida rugosa. Polypeptides having 3-hydroxyisobutryl-CoA hydrolase activity as well as nucleic acid encoding such polypeptides can be obtained from various species including, without limitation, Pseudomonasfluorescens, rattus, and homo sapiens. For example, nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide having 3hydroxyisobutryl-CoA hydrolase activity can be obtained from homo sapiens and can have a sequence as set forth in GenBank® accession number U66669.

[0121] The term “polypeptide having enzymatic activity” as used herein refers to any polypeptide that catalyzes a chemical reaction of other substances without itself being destroyed or altered upon completion of the reaction. Typically, a polypeptide having enzymatic activity catalyzes the formation of one or more products from one or more substrates. Such polypeptides can have any type of enzymatic activity including, without limitation, the enzymatic activity or enzymatic activities associated with enzymes such as dehydratases/hydratases, 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratases/hydratases, CoA transferases, lactyl-CoA dehydratases, 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA hydrolases, 3-hydroxyisobutryl-CoA hydrolases, poly hydroxyacid synthases, CoA synthetases, malonyl-CoA reductases, β-alanine ammonia lyases, and lipases.

[0122] As depicted in FIG. 2, lactate can be converted into lactyl-CoA by a polypeptide having CoA synthetase activity (EC 6.2.1.-); the resulting lactyl-CoA can be converted into acrylyl-CoA by a polypeptide (or multiple polypeptide complex) having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity; the resulting acrylyl-CoA can be converted into 3-HP-CoA by a polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity; and the resulting 3-HP-CoA can be converted into polymerized 3-HP by a polypeptide having poly hydroxyacid synthase activity (EC 2.3.1.-). Polypeptides having CoA synthetase activity as well as nucleic acid encoding such polypeptides can be obtained from various species including, without limitation, Escherichia coli, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Saccharomyces cervisiae, and Salmonella enterica. For example, nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide having CoA synthetase activity can be obtained from Escherichia coli and can have a sequence as set forth in GenBank® accession number U00006. Polypeptides (or multiple polypeptide complexes) having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity as well as nucleic acid encoding such polypeptides can be obtained as provided herein. Polypeptides having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity as well as nucleic acid encoding such polypeptides also can be obtained as provided herein. Polypeptides having poly hydroxyacid synthase activity as well as nucleic acid encoding such polypeptides can be obtained from various species including, without limitation, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Comamonas acidororans, Ralstonia eutropha, and Pseudomonas oleovorans. For example, nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide having poly hydroxyacid synthase activity can be obtained from Rhodobacter sphaeroides and can have a sequence as set forth in GenBank® accession number X97200.

[0123] As depicted in FIG. 3, lactate can be converted into lactyl-CoA by a polypeptide having CoA transferase activity; the resulting lactyl-CoA can be converted into acrylyl-CoA by a polypeptide (or multiple polypeptide complex) having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity; the resulting acrylyl-CoA can be converted into 3-HP-CoA by a polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity; the resulting 3-HP-CoA can be converted into 3-HP by a polypeptide having CoA transferase activity, a polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA hydrolase activity, or a polypeptide having 3-hydroxyisobutryl-CoA hydrolase activity; and the resulting 3-HP can be converted into an ester of 3-HP by apolypeptide having lipase activity (EC 3.1.1.-). Polypeptides having lipase activity as well as nucleic acid encoding such polypeptides can be obtained from various species including, without limitation, Candida rugosa, Candida tropicalis, and Candida albicans. For example, nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide having lipase activity can be obtained from Candida rugosa and can have a sequence as set forth in GenBank® accession number A81171.

[0124] As depicted in FIG. 4, lactate can be converted into lactyl-CoA by a polypeptide having CoA synthetase activity; the resulting lactyl-CoA can be converted into acrylyl-CoA by a polypeptide (or multiple polypeptide complex) having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity; and the resulting acrylyl-CoA can be converted into polymerized acrylate by a polypeptide having poly hydroxyacid synthase activity.

[0125] As depicted in FIG. 5, lactate can be converted into lactyl-CoA by a polypeptide having CoA transferase activity; the resulting lactyf-CoA can be converted into acrylyl-CoA by a polypeptide (or multiple polypeptide complex) having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity; the resulting acrylyl-CoA can be converted into acrylate by a polypeptide having CoA transferase activity; and the resulting acrylate can be converted into an ester of acrylate by a polypeptide having lipase activity.

[0126] As depicted in FIG. 44, acetyl-CoA can be converted into malonyl-CoA by a polypeptide having acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity, and the resulting malonyl-CoA can be converted into 3-HP by a polypeptide having malonyl-CoA reductase activity. Polypeptides having acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity as well as nucleic acid encoding such polypeptides can be obtained from various species including, without limitation, Escherichia coli and Chloroflexus aurantiacus. For example, nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide having acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity can be obtained from Escherichia coli and can have a sequence as set forth in GenBank® accession number M96394 or U18997. Polypeptides having malonyl-CoA reductase activity as well as nucleic acid encoding such polypeptides can be obtained from various species including, without limitation, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, Sulfolobus metacillus, and Acidianus brierleyi. For example, nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide having malonyl-CoA reductase activity can be obtained as described herein and can have a sequence similar to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 140. In addition, polypeptides having malonyl-CoA reductase activity as well as nucleic acid encoding such polypeptides can be obtained as described herein. For example, the variations to SEQ ID NO: 140 provided herein can be used to encode a polypeptide having malonyl-CoA reductase activity.

[0127] Polypeptides having malonyl-CoA reductase activity can use NADPH as a co-factor. For example, the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 141 is a polypeptide having malonyl-CoA reductase activity that uses NADPH as a co-factor when converting malonyl-CoA into 3-HP. Likewise, polypeptides having malonyl-CoA reductase activity can use NADH as a co-factor. Such polypeptides can be obtained by converting a polypeptide that has malonyl-CoA reductase activity and uses NADPH as a cofactor into a polypeptide that has malonyl-CoA reductase activity and uses NADH as a cofactor. Any method can be used to convert a polypeptide that uses NADPH as a cofactor into a polypeptide that uses NADH as a cofactor such as those described by others (Eppink et al., J. Mol. Biol., 292(1):87-96 (1999), Hall and Tomsett, Microbiology, 146(Pt 6):1399-406 (2000), and Dohr et al., Proc. Natl. Acad Sci., 98(1):81-86 (2001)). For example, mutagenesis can be used to convert the polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 140 into a polypeptide that, when converting malonyl-CoA into 3-HP, uses NADH as a co-factor instead of NADPH.

[0128] As depicted in FIG. 43, propionate can be converted into propionyl-CoA by a polypeptide having CoA synthetase activity such as the polypeptide having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 39; the resulting propionyl-CoA can be converted into acrylyl-CoA by a polypeptide having dehydrogenase activity such as the polypeptide having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 39; and the resulting acrylyl-CoA can be converted into (1) acrylate by a polypeptide having CoA transferase activity or CoA hydrolase activity, (2) 3-HP-CoA by a polypeptide having 3-HP dehydratase activity (also referred to as acrylyl-CoA hydratase or simply hydratase) such as the polypeptide having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:39, or (3) polymerized acrylate by a polypeptide having poly hydroxyacid synthase activity. The resulting acrylate can be converted into an ester of acrylate by a polypeptide having lipase activity. The resulting 3-HP-CoA can be converted into (1) 3-HP by a polypeptide having CoA transferase activity, a polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA hydrolase activity (EC 3.1.2.-), or a polypeptide having 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase activity (EC 3.1.2.4), or (2) polymerized 3-HP by a polypeptide having poly hydroxyacid synthase activity (EC 2.3.1.-).

[0129] As depicted in FIG. 54, PEP can be converted into β-alanine. β-alanine can be converted into β-alanyl-CoA through the use of a polypeptide having CoA transferase activity. β-alanyl-CoA can then be converted into acrylyl-CoA through the use of a polypeptide having β-alanyl-CoA ammonia lyase activity. Acrylyl-CoA can then be converted into 3-HP-CoA through the use of a polypeptide having 3-HP-CoA dehydratase activity, and a polypeptide having glutamate dehydrogenase activity can be used to convert 3-HP-CoA into 3-HP.

[0130] As depicted in FIG. 55, 3-BP can be made from β-alanine by first contacting β-alanine with a polypeptide having 4,4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity to create malonate semialdehyde. The malonate semialdehyde can be converted into 3-HP with a polypeptide having 3-HP dehydrogenase activity or a polypeptide having 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase activity.

III. Nucleic Acid Molecules and Polypeptides

[0131] The invention provides isolated nucleic acid that contains the entire nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129, 140, 142, 162, or 163. In addition, the invention provides isolated nucleic acid that contains a portion of the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129, 140, 142, 162, or 163. For example, the invention provides isolated nucleic acid that contains a 15 nucleotide sequence identical to any 15 nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129, 140, 142, 162, or 163 including, without limitation, the sequence starting at nucleotide number 1 and ending at nucleotide number 15, the sequence starting at nucleotide number 2 and ending at nucleotide number 16, the sequence starting at nucleotide number 3 and ending at nucleotide number 17, and so forth. It will be appreciated that the invention also provides isolated nucleic acid that contains a nucleotide sequence that is greater than 15 nucleotides (e.g., 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or more nucleotides) in length and identical to any portion of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 9, 17,25, 33, 34, 36, 38,40, 42, 129, 140, 142, 162, or 163. For example, the invention provides isolated nucleic acid that contains a 25 nucleotide sequence identical to any 25 nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129, 140, 142, 162, or 163 including, without limitation, the sequence starting at nucleotide number 1 and ending at nucleotide number 25, the sequence starting at nucleotide number 2 and ending at nucleotide number 26, the sequence starting at nucleotide number 3 and ending at nucleotide number 27, and so forth. Additional examples include, without limitation, isolated nucleic acids that contain a nucleotide sequence that is 50 or more nucleotides (e.g., 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, or more nucleotides) in length and identical to any portion of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129, 140, 142, 162, or 163. Such isolated nucleic acids can include, without limitation, those isolated nucleic acids containing a nucleic acid sequence represented in a single line of sequence depicted in FIGS. 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 39, 49 or 51 since each line of sequence depicted in these figures, with the possible exception of the last line, provides a nucleotide sequence containing at least 50 bases.

[0132] In addition, the invention provides isolated nucleic acid that contains a variation of the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129, 140, 142, 162, or 163. For example, the invention provides isolated nucleic acid containing a nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129, 140, 142, 162, or 163 that contains a single insertion, a single deletion, a single substitution, multiple insertions, multiple deletions, multiple substitutions, or any combination thereof (e.g., single deletion together with multiple insertions). Such isolated nucleic acid molecules can share at least 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 97, 98, or 99 percent sequence identity with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129, 140, 142, 162, or 163.

[0133] The invention provides multiple examples of isolated nucleic acid that contains a variation of a nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129, 140, 142, 162, or 163. For example, FIG. 8 provides the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 aligned with three other nucleic acid sequences. Examples of variations of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 include, without limitation, any variation of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 provided in FIG. 8. Such variations are provided in FIG. 8 in that a comparison of the nucleotide (or lack thereof) at a particular position of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with the nucleotide (or lack thereof) at the same aligned position of any of the other three nucleic acid sequences depicted in FIG. 8 (i.e., SEQ ID NOs:3, 4, and 5) provides a list of specific changes for the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. For example, the “a” at position 49 of SEQ ID NO:1 can be substituted with an “c” as indicated in FIG. 8. As also indicated in FIG. 8, the “a” at position 590 of SEQ ID NO: 1 can be substituted with a “atgg”; an “aaac” can be inserted before the “g” at position 393 of SEQ ID NO: 1; or the “gaa” at position 736 of SEQ ID NO: 1 can be deleted. It will be appreciated that the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 can contain any number of variations as well as any combination of types of variations. For example, the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 can contain one variation provided in FIG. 8 or more than one (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15; 20, 25, 50, 100, or more) of the variations provided in FIG. 8. It is noted that the nucleic acid sequences provided by FIG. 8 can encode polypeptides having CoA transferase activity. The invention also provides isolated nucleic acid that contains a variant of a portion of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 as depicted in FIG. 8 and described herein.

[0134] Likewise, FIG. 12 provides variations of SEQ ID NO:9 and portions thereof; FIG. 16 provides variations of SEQ ID NO:17 and portions thereof; FIG. 20 provides variations of SEQ ID NO:25 and portions thereof; FIG. 32 provides variations of SEQ ID NO:40 and portions thereof; and FIG. 53 provides variations of SEQ ID NO: 140.

[0135] The invention provides isolated nucleic acid that contains a nucleic acid sequence that encodes the entire amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161. In addition, the invention provides isolated nucleic acid that contains a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a portion of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18,26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161. For example, the invention provides isolated nucleic acid that contains a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a 15 amino acid sequence identical to any 15 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161 including, without limitation, the sequence starting at amino acid residue number 1 and ending at amino acid residue number 15, the sequence starting at amino acid residue number 2 and ending at amino acid residue number 16, the sequence starting at amino acid residue number 3 and ending at amino acid residue number 17, and so forth. It will be appreciated that the invention also provides isolated nucleic acid that contains a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an amino acid sequence that is greater than 15 amino acid residues (e.g., 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or more amino acid residues) in length and identical to any portion of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161. For example, the invention provides isolated nucleic acid that contains a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a 25 amino acid sequence identical to any 25 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161 including, without limitation, the sequence starting at amino acid residue number 1 and ending at amino acid residue number 25, the sequence starting at amino acid residue number 2 and ending at amino acid residue number 26, the sequence starting at amino acid residue number 3 and ending at amino acid residue number 27, and so forth. Additional examples include, without limitation, isolated nucleic acids that contain a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an amino acid sequence that is 50 or more amino acid residues (e.g., 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, or more amino acid residues) in length and identical to any portion of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161. Such isolated nucleic acids can include, without limitation, those isolated nucleic acids containing a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an amino acid sequence represented in a single line of sequence depicted in FIGS. 7, 11, 15, 19, 24, 26, 28, 30, or 50 since each line of sequence depicted in these figures, with the possible exception of the last line, provides an amino acid sequence containing at least 50 residues.

[0136] In addition, the invention provides isolated nucleic acid that contains a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an amino acid sequence having a variation of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161. For example, the invention provides isolated nucleic acid containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161 that contains a single insertion, a single deletion, a single substitution, multiple insertions, multiple deletions, multiple substitutions, or any combination thereof (e.g., single deletion together with multiple insertions). Such isolated nucleic acid molecules can contain a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that shares at least 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 97, 98, or 99 percent sequence identity with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161.

[0137] The invention provides multiple examples of isolated nucleic acid containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having a variation of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161. For example, FIG. 9 provides the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 aligned with three other amino acid sequences. Examples of variations of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 include, without limitation, any variation of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 provided in FIG. 9. Such variations are provided in FIG. 9 in that a comparison of the amino acid residue (or lack thereof) at a particular position of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 with the amino acid residue (or lack thereof) at the same aligned position of any of the other three amino acid sequences of FIG. 9 (i.e., SEQ ID NOs:6, 7, and 8) provides a list of specific changes for the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. For example, the “k” at position 17.of SEQ ID NO:2 can be substituted with a “p” or “h” as indicated in FIG. 9. As also indicated in FIG. 9, the “v” at position 125 of SEQ ID NO:2 can be substituted with an “i” or “f”. It will be appreciated that the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 can contain any number of variations as well as any combination of types of variations. For example, the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 can contain one variation provided in FIG. 9 or more than one (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 100, or more) of the variations provided in FIG. 9. It is noted that the amino acid sequences provided in FIG. 9 can be polypeptides having CoA transferase activity.

[0138] The invention also provides isolated nucleic acid containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that contains a variant of a portion of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 as depicted in FIG. 9 and described herein.

[0139] Likewise, FIG. 13 provides variations of SEQ ID NO:10 and portions thereof; FIG. 17 provides variations of SEQ ID NO:18 and portions thereof; FIG. 21 provides variations of SEQ ID NO:26 and portions thereof; FIG. 33 provides variations of SEQ ID NO:41 and portions thereof; FIGS. 40, 41, and 42 provide variations of SEQ ID NO:39; and FIG. 52 provides variations of SEQ ID NO:141 and portions thereof.

[0140] It is noted that codon preferences and codon usage tables for a particular species can be used to engineer isolated nucleic acid molecules that take advantage of the codon usage preferences of that particular species. For example, the isolated nucleic acid provided herein can be designed to have codons that are preferentially used by a particular organism of interest.

[0141] The invention also provides isolated nucleic acid that is at least about 12 bases in length (e.g., at least about 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 4000, or 5000 bases in length) and hybridizes, under hybridization conditions, to the sense or antisense strand of a nucleic acid having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129, 140, 142, 162, or 163. The hybridization conditions can be moderately or highly stringent hybridization conditions.

[0142] The invention provides polypeptides that contain the entire amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160,or 161. In addition, the invention provides polypeptides that contain a portion of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161. For example, the invention provides polypeptides that contain a 15 amino acid sequence identical to any 15 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161 including, without limitation, the sequence starting at amino acid residue number 1 and ending at amino acid residue number 15, the sequence starting at amino acid residue number 2 and ending at amino acid residue number 16, the sequence starting at amino acid residue number 3 and ending at amino acid residue number 17, and so forth. It will be appreciated that the invention also provides polypeptides that contain an amino acid sequence that is greater than 15 amino acid residues (e.g., 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,29, 30, or more amino acid residues) in length and identical to any portion of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161. For example, the invention provides polypeptides that contain a 25 amino acid sequence identical to any 25 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161 including, without limitation, the sequence starting at amino acid residue number 1 and ending at amino acid residue number 25, the sequence starting at amino acid residue number 2 and ending at amino acid residue number 26, the sequence starting at amino acid residue number 3 and ending at amino acid residue number 27, and so forth. Additional examples include, without limitation, polypeptides that contain an amino acid sequence that is 50 or more amino acid residues (e.g., 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, or more amino acid residues) in length and identical to any portion of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161. Such polypeptides can include, without limitation, those polypeptides containing a amino acid sequence represented in a single line of sequence depicted in FIGS. 7, 11, 15, 19, 24, 26, 28, 30, or 50 since each line of sequence depicted in these figures, with the possible exception of the last line, provides an amino acid sequence containing at least 50 residues.

[0143] In addition, the invention provides polypeptides that an amino acid sequence having a variation of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161. For example, the invention provides polypeptides containing an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161 that contains a single insertion, a single deletion, a single substitution, multiple insertions, multiple deletions, multiple substitutions, or any combination thereof (e.g., single deletion together with multiple insertions). Such polypeptides can contain an amino acid sequence that shares at least 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 97, 98, or 99 percent sequence identity with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161.

[0144] The invention provides multiple examples of polypeptides containing an amino acid sequence having a variation of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161. For example, FIG. 9 provides the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 aligned with three other amino acid sequences. Examples of variations of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 include, without limitation, any variation of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 provided in FIG. 9. Such variations are provided in FIG. 9 in that a comparison of the amino acid residue (or lack thereof) at a particular position of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 with the amino acid residue (or lack thereof) at the same aligned position of any of the other three amino acid sequences of FIG. 9 (i.e., SEQ ID NOs:6, 7, and 8) provides a list of specific changes for the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. For example, the “k” at position 17 of SEQ ID NO:2 can be substituted with a “p” or “h” as indicated in FIG. 9. As also indicated in FIG. 9, the “v” at position 125 of SEQ ID NO:2 can be substituted with an “i” or “f”. It will be appreciated that the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 can contain any number of variations as well as any combination of types of variations. For example, the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 can contain one variation provided in FIG. 9 or more than one (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 100, or more) of the variations provided in FIG. 9. It is noted that the amino acid sequences provided in FIG. 9 can be polypeptides having CoA transferase activity.

[0145] The invention also provides polypeptides containing an amino acid sequence that contains a variant of a portion of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 as depicted in FIG. 9 and described herein.

[0146] Likewise, FIG. 13 provides variations of SEQ ID NO: 10 and portions thereof; FIG. 17 provides variations of SEQ ID NO:18 and portions thereof; FIG. 21 provides variations of SEQ ID NO:26 and portions thereof; FIG. 33 provides variations of SEQ ID NO:41 and portions thereof, FIGS. 40, 41, and 42 provide variations of SEQ ID NO:39; and FIG. 52 provides variations of SEQ ID NO:141 and portions thereof.

[0147] Polypeptides having a variant amino acid sequence can retain enzymatic activity. Such polypeptides can be produced by manipulating the nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide using standard procedures such as site-directed mutagenesis or PCR. One type of modification includes the substitution of one or more amino acid residues for amino acid residues having a similar biochemical property. For example, a polypeptide can have an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161 with one or more conservative substitutions.

[0148] More substantial changes can be obtained by selecting substitutions that are less conservative than those in Table 1, i.e., selecting residues that differ more significantly in their effect on maintaining: (a) the structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of the substitution, for example, as a sheet or helical conformation; (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the polypeptide at the target site; or (c) the bulk of the side chain. The substitutions that in general are expected to produce the greatest changes in polypeptide function are those in which: (a) a hydrophilic residue, e.g., serine or threonine, is substituted for (or by) a hydrophobic residue, e.g., leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, valine or alanine; (b) a cysteine or proline is substituted for (or by) any other residue; (c) a residue having an electropositive side chain, e.g., lysine, arginine, or histidine, is substituted for (or by) an electronegative residue, e.g., glutamic acid or aspartic acid; or (d) a residue having a bulky side chain, e.g., phenylalanine, is substituted for (or by) one not having a side chain, e.g., glycine. The effects of these amino acid substitutions (or other deletions or additions) can be assessed for polypeptides having enzymatic activity by analyzing the ability of the polypeptide to catalyze the conversion of the same substrate as the related native polypeptide to the same product as the related native polypeptide. Accordingly, polypeptides having 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 or less conservative substitutions are provided by the invention.

[0149] Polypeptides and nucleic acid encoding polypeptide can be produced by standard DNA mutagenesis techniques, for example, M13 primer mutagenesis. Details of these techniques are provided in Sambrook et al. (ed.), Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 2nd ed., vol. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring, Harbor, N.Y., 1989, Ch. 15. Nucleic acid molecules can contain changes of a coding region to fit the codon usage bias of the particular organism into which the molecule is to be introduced.

[0150] Alternatively, the coding region can be altered by taking advantage of the degeneracy of the genetic code to alter the coding sequence in such a way that, while the nucleic acid sequence is substantially altered, it nevertheless encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence identical or substantially similar to the native amino acid sequence. For example, the ninth amino acid residue of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 is alanine, which is encoded in the open reading frame by the nucleotide codon triplet GCT. Because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, three other nucleotide codon triplets—GCA, GCC, and GCG—also code for alanine. Thus, the nucleic acid sequence of the open reading frame can be changed at this position to any of these three codons without affecting the amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptide or the characteristics of the polypeptide. Based upon the degeneracy of the genetic code, nucleic acid variants can be derived from a nucleic acid sequence disclosed herein using a standard DNA mutagenesis techniques as described herein, or by synthesis of nucleic acid sequences. Thus, this invention also encompasses nucleic acid molecules that encode the same polypeptide but vary in nucleic acid sequence by virtue of the degeneracy of the genetic code.

IV. Methods of Making 3-HP and Other Organic Acids

[0151] Each step provided in the pathways depicted in FIGS. 1-5, 43-44, 54, and 55 can be performed within a cell (in vivo) or outside a cell (in vitro, e.g., in a container or column). Additionally, the organic acid products can be generated through a combination of in vivo synthesis and in vitro synthesis. Moreover, the in vitro synthesis step, or steps, can be via chemical reaction or enzymatic reaction.

[0152] For example, a microorganism provided herein can be used to perform the steps provided in FIG. 1, or an extract containing polypeptides having the indicated enzymatic activities can be used to perform the steps provided in FIG. 1. In addition, chemical treatments can be used to perform the conversions provided in FIGS. 1-5, 43-44, 54, and 55. For example, acrylyl-CoA can be converted into acrylate by hydrolysis. Other chemical treatments include, without limitation, trans esterification to convert acrylate into an acrylate ester.

[0153] Carbon sources suitable as starting points for bioconversion include carbohydrates and synthetic intermediates. Examples of carbohydrates which cells are capable of metabolizing to pyruvate include sugars such as dextrose, triglycerides, and fatty acids.

[0154] Additionally, intermediate chemical products can be starting points. For example, acetic acid and carbon dioxide can be introduced into a fermentation broth. Acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, and 3-HP can be sequentially produced using a polypeptide having CoA synthase activity, a polypeptide having acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity, and a polypeptide having malonyl-CoA reductase activity. Other useful intermediate chemical starting points can include propionic acid, acrylic acid, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, and β-alanine.

A. Expression of Polypeptides

[0155] The polypeptides described herein can be produced individually in a host cell or in combination in a host cell. Moreover, the polypeptides having a particular enzymatic activity can be a polypeptide that is either naturally-occurring or non-naturally-occurring. A naturally-occurring polypeptide is any polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as found in nature, including wild-type and polymorphic polypeptides. Such naturally-occurring polypeptides can be obtained from any species including, without limitation, animal (e.g., mammalian), plant, fungal, and bacterial species. A non-naturally-occurring polypeptide is any polypeptide having an amino acid sequence that is not found in nature. Thus, a non-naturally-occurring polypeptide can be a mutated version of a naturally-occurring polypeptide, or an engineered polypeptide. For example, a non-naturally-occurring polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity can be a mutated version of a naturally-occurring polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity that retains at least some 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity. A polypeptide can be mutated by, for example, sequence additions, deletions, substitutions, or combinations thereof.

[0156] The invention provides genetically modified cells that can be used to perform one or more steps of the steps in the metabolic pathways described herein or the genetically modified cells can be used to produce the disclosed polypeptides for subsequent use in vitro. For example, an individual microorganism can contain exogenous nucleic acid such that each of the polypeptides necessary to perform the steps depicted in FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 43, 44, 54, or 55 are expressed. It is important to note that such cells can contain any number of exogenous nucleic acid molecules. For example, a particular cell can contain six exogenous nucleic acid molecules with each one encoding one of the six polypeptides necessary to convert lactate into 3-HP as depicted in FIG. 1, or a particular cell can endogenously produce polypeptides necessary to convert lactate into acrylyl-CoA while containing exogenous nucleic acid that encodes polypeptides necessary to convert acrylyl-CoA into 3-HP.

[0157] In addition, a single exogenous nucleic acid molecule can encode one or more than one polypeptide. For example, a single exogenous nucleic acid molecule can contain sequences that encode three different polypeptides. Further, the cells described herein can contain a single copy, or multiple copies (e.g., about 5, 10, 20, 35, 50, 75, 100 or 150 copies), of a particular exogenous nucleic acid molecule. For example, a particular cell can contain about 50 copies of the constructs depicted in FIGS. 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, or 45. Again, the cells described herein can contain more than one particular exogenous nucleic acid molecule. For example, a particular cell can contain about 50 copies of exogenous nucleic acid molecule X as well as about 75 copies of exogenous nucleic acid molecule Y.

[0158] In another embodiment, a cell within the scope of the invention can contain an exogenous nucleic acid molecule that encodes a polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity. Such cells can have any level of 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity. For example, a cell containing an exogenous nucleic acid molecule that encodes a polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity can have 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity with a specific activity greater than about 1 mg 3-HP-CoA formed per gram dry cell weight per hour (e.g., greater than about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, or more mg 3-HP-CoA formed per gram dry cell weight per hour). Alternatively, a cell can have 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity such that a cell extract from 1×10⁶ cells has a specific activity greater than about 1 μg 3-HP-CoA formed per mg total protein per 10 minutes (e.g., greater than about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, or more μg 3-HP-CoA formed per mg total protein per 10 minutes).

[0159] A nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide having enzymatic activity can be identified and obtained using any method such as those described herein. For example, nucleic acid molecules that encode a polypeptide having enzymatic activity can be identified and obtained using common molecular cloning or chemical nucleic acid synthesis procedures and techniques, including PCR. In addition, standard nucleic acid sequencing techniques and software programs that translate nucleic acid sequences into amino acid sequences based on the genetic code can be used to determine whether or not a particular nucleic acid has any sequence homology with known enzymatic polypeptides. Sequence alignment software such as MEGALIGN® (DNASTAR, Madison, Wis., 1997) can be used to compare various sequences. In addition, nucleic acid molecules encoding known enzymatic polypeptides can be mutated using common molecular cloning techniques (e.g., site-directed mutagenesis). Possible mutations include, without limitation, deletions, insertions, and base substitutions, as well as combinations of deletions, insertions, and base substitutions. Further, nucleic acid and amino acid databases (e.g., GenBank®) can be used to identify a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a polypeptide having enzymatic activity. Briefly, any amino acid sequence having some homology to a polypeptide having enzymatic activity, or any nucleic acid sequence having some homology to a sequence encoding a polypeptide having enzymatic activity can be used as a query to search GenBank. The identified polypeptides then can be analyzed to determine whether or not they exhibit enzymatic activity.

[0160] In addition, nucleic acid hybridization techniques can be used to identify and obtain a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a polypeptide having enzymatic activity. Briefly, any nucleic acid molecule that encodes a known enzymatic polypeptide, or fragment thereof, can be used as a probe to identify a similar nucleic acid molecules by hybridization under conditions of moderate to high stringency. Such similar nucleic acid molecules then can be isolated, sequenced, and analyzed to determine whether the encoded polypeptide has enzymatic activity.

[0161] Expression cloning techniques also can be used to identify and obtain a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a polypeptide having enzymatic activity. For example, a substrate known to interact with a particular enzymatic polypeptide can be used to screen a phage display library containing that enzymatic polypeptide. Phage display libraries can be generated as described elsewhere (Burritt et al., Anal Biochem. 238:1-13 (1990)), or can be obtained from commercial suppliers such as Novagen (Madison, Wis.).

[0162] Further, polypeptide sequencing techniques can be used to identify and obtain a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a polypeptide having enzymatic activity. For example, a purified polypeptide can be separated by gel electrophoresis, and its amino acid sequence determined by, for example, amino acid microsequencing techniques. Once determined, the amino acid sequence can be used to design degenerate oligonucleotide primers. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers can be used to obtain the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide by PCR. Once obtained, the nucleic acid can be sequenced, cloned into an appropriate expression vector, and introduced into a microorganism.

[0163] Any method can be used to introduce an exogenous nucleic acid molecule into a cell. In fact, many methods for introducing nucleic acid into microorganisms such as bacteria and yeast are well known to those skilled in the art. For example, heat shock, lipofection, electroporation, conjugation, fusion of protoplasts, and biolistic delivery are common methods for introducing nucleic acid into bacteria and yeast cells. See, e.g., Ito et al., J. Bacterol. 153:163-168 (1983); Durrens et al., Curr. Genet. 18:7-12 (1990); and Becker and Guarente, Methods in Enzymology 194:182-187 (1991).

[0164] An exogenous nucleic acid molecule contained within a particular cell of the invention can be maintained within that cell in any form. For example, exogenous nucleic acid molecules can be integrated into the genome of the cell or maintained in an episomal state. In other words, a cell of the invention can be a stable or transient transformant. Again, a microorganism described herein can contain a single copy, or multiple copies (e.g., about 5, 10, 20, 35, 50, 75, 100 or 150 copies), of a particular exogenous nucleic acid molecule as described herein.

[0165] Methods for expressing an amino acid sequence from an exogenous nucleic acid molecule are well known to those skilled in the art. Such methods include, without limitation, constructing a nucleic acid such that a regulatory element promotes the expression of a nucleic acid sequence that encodesa polypeptide. Typically, regulatory elements are DNA sequences that regulate the expression of other DNA sequences at the level of transcription. Thus, regulatory elements include, without limitation, promoters, enhancers, and the like. Any type of promoter can be used to express an amino acid sequence from an exogenous nucleic acid molecule. Examples of promoters include, without limitation, constitutive promoters, tissue-specific promoters, and promoters responsive or unresponsive to a particular stimulus (e.g., light, oxygen, chemical concentration, and the like). Moreover, methods for expressing a polypeptide from an exogenous nucleic acid molecule in cells such as bacterial cells and yeast cells are well known to those skilled in the art. For example, nucleic acid constructs that are capable of expressing exogenous polypeptides within E. coli are well known. See, e.g., Sambrook et al., Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press, New York, USA, second edition (1989).

B. Production of Organic Acids and Related Products via Host Cells

[0166] The nucleic acid and amino acid sequences provided herein can be used with cells to produce 3-HP and/or other organic compounds such as 1,3-propanediol, acrylic acid, polymerized acrylate, esters of acrylate, esters of 3-HP, and polymerized 3-HP. Such cells can be from any species including those listed within the taxonomy web pages at the National Institute of Health sponsored by the United States government (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The cells can be eukaryotic or prokaryotic. For example, genetically modified cells of the invention can be mammalian cells (e.g., human, murine, and bovine cells), plant cells (e.g., corn, wheat, rice, and soybean cells), fungal cells (e.g., Aspergillus and Rhizopus cells), yeast cells, or bacterial cells (e.g., Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, Escherichia, and Clostridium cells). A cell of the invention also can be a microorganism. The term “microorganism” as used herein refers to any microscopic organism including, without limitation, bacteria, algae, fungi, and protozoa. Thus, E. coli, S. cerevisiae, Kluveromyces lactis, Candida blankii, Candida rugosa, and Pichia postoris are considered mnicroorganisms and can be used as described herein.

[0167] Typically, a cell of the invention is genetically modified such that a particular organic compound is produced. In one embodiment, the invention provides cells that make 3-HP from PEP. Examples biosynthetic pathways that cay be used by cells to make 3-HP are shown in FIGS. 1-5, 43-44, 54, and 55.

[0168] Generally, cells that are genetically modified to synthesize a particular organic compound contain one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules that encode polypeptides having specific enzymatic activities. For example, a microorganism can contain exogenous nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity. In this case, acrylyl-CoA can be converted into 3-hydroxypropionic acid-CoA which can lead to the production of 3-HP. It is noted that a cell can be given an exogenous nucleic acid molecule that encodes a polypeptide having an enzymatic activity that catalyzes the production of a compound not normally produced by that cell. Alternatively, a cell can be given an exogenous nucleic acid molecule that encodes a polypeptide having an enzymatic activity that catalyzes the production of a compound that is normally produced by that cell. In this case, the genetically modified cell can produce more of the compound, or can produce the compound more efficiently, than a similar cell not having the genetic modification.

[0169] In one embodiment, the invention provides a cell containing an exogenous nucleic acid molecule that encodes a polypeptide having enzymatic activity that leads to the formation of 3-HP. It is noted that the produced 3-HP can be secreted from the cell, eliminating the need to disrupt cell membranes to retrieve the organic compound. Typically, the cell of the invention produces 3-HP with the concentration being at least about 100 mg per L (e.g., at least about 1 g/L, 5 g/L, 10 g/L, 25 g/L, 50 g/L, 75 g/L, 80 g/L, 90 g/L, 100 g/L, or 120 g/L). When determining the yield of an organic compound such as 3-HP for a particular cell, any method can be used. See, e.g., Applied Environmental Microbiology 59(12):4261-4265 (1993). Typically, a cell within the scope of the invention such as a microorganism catabolizes a hexose carbon source such as glucose. A cell, however, can catabolize a variety of carbon sources such as pentose sugars (e.g., ribose, arabinose, xylose, and lyxose), fatty acids, acetate, or glycerols. In other words, a cell within the scope of the invention can utilize a variety of carbon sources.

[0170] As described herein, a cell within the scope of the invention can contain an exogenous nucleic acid molecule that encodes a polypeptide having enzymatic activity that leads to the formation of 3-HP or other organic compounds such as 1,3-propanediol, acrylic acid, poly-acrylate, acrylate-esters, 3-HP-esters,and poly-3-HP. Methods of identifying cells that contain exogenous nucleic acid are well known to those skilled in the art. Such methods include, without limitation, PCR and nucleic acid hybridization techniques such as Northern and Southern analysis (see hybridization described herein). In some cases, immunohisto-chemistry and biochemical techniques can be used to determine if a cell contains a particular nucleic acid by detecting the expression of the polypeptide encoded by that particular nucleic acid molecule. For example, an antibody having specificity for a polypeptide can be used to determine whether or not a particular cell contains nucleic acid encoding that polypeptide. Further, biochemical techniques can be used to determine if a cell contains a particular nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide having enzymatic activity by detecting an organic product produced as a result of the expression of the polypeptide having enzymatic activity. For example, detection of 3-HP after introduction of exogenous nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity into a cell that does not normally express such a polypeptide can indicate that that cell not only contains the introduced exogenous nucleic acid molecule but also expresses the encoded polypeptide from that introduced exogenous nucleic acid molecule. Methods for detecting specific enzymatic activities or the presence of particular organic products are well known to those skilled in the art. For example, the presence of an organic compound such as 3-HP can be determined as described elsewhere. See, Sullivan and Clarke, J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists, 38:514-518 (1955).

C. Cells with Reduced Polypeptide Activity

[0171] The invention also provides genetically modified cells having reduced polypeptide activity. The term “reduced” as used herein with respect to a cell and a particular polypeptide's activity refers to a lower level of activity than that measured in a comparable cell of the same species. For example, a particular microorganism lacking enzymatic activity X is considered to have reduced enzymatic activity X if a comparable microorganism has at least some enzymatic activity X. It is noted that a cell can have the activity of any type of polypeptide reduced including, without limitation, enzymes, transcription factors, transporters, receptors, signal molecules, and the like. For example, a cell can contain an exogenous nucleic acid molecule that disrupts a regulatory and/or coding sequence of a polypeptide having pyruvate decarboxylase activity or alcohol dehydrogenase activity. Disrupting pyruvate decarboxylase and/or alcohol dehydrogenase expression can lead to the accumulation of lactate as well as products produced from lactate such as 3-HP, 1,3-propanediol, acrylic acid, poly-acrylate, acrylate-esters, 3-HP-esters, and poly-3-HP. It is also noted that reduced polypeptide activities can be the result of lower polypeptide concentration, lower specific activity of a polypeptide, or combinations thereof. Many different methods can be used to make a cell having reduced polypeptide activity. For example, a cell can be engineered to have a disrupted regulatory sequence or polypeptide-encoding sequence using common mutagenesis or knock-out technology. See, e.g., Methods in Yeast Genetics (1997 edition), Adams, Gottschling, Kaiser, and Sterns, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1998). Alternatively, antisense technology can be used to reduce the activity of a particular polypeptide. For example, a cell can be engineered to contain a cDNA that encodes an antisense molecule that prevents a polypeptide from being translated. The term “antisense molecule” as used herein encompasses any nucleic acid molecule or nucleic acid analog (e.g., peptide nucleic acids) that contains a sequence that corresponds to the coding strand of an endogenous polypeptide. An antisense molecule also can have flanking sequences (e.g., regulatory sequences). Thus, antisense molecules can be ribozymes or antisense oligonucleotides. A ribozyme can have any general structure including, without limitation, hairpin, hammerhead, or axhead structures, provided the molecule cleaves RNA. Further, gene silencing can be used to reduce the activity of a particular polypeptide.

[0172] A cell having reduced activity of a polypeptide can be identified using any method. For example, enzyme activity assays such as those described herein can be used to identify cells having a reduced enzyme activity.

[0173] A polypeptide having (1) the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:39 (the OS17 polypeptide) or (2) an amino acid sequence sharing at least about 60 percent sequence identity with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:39 can have three functional domains: a domain having CoA-synthatase activity, a domain having 3-HP-CoA dehydratase activity, and a domain having CocA-reductase activity. Such polypeptides can be selectively modified by mutating and/or deleting domains such that one or two of the enzymatic activities are reduced. Reducing the dehydratase activity of the OS17 polypeptide can cause acrylyl-CoA to be created from propionyl-CoA. The acrylyl-CoA then can be contacted with a polypeptide having CoA hydrolase activity to produce acrylate from propionate (FIG. 43). Similarly, acrylyl-CoA can be created from 3-HP by using, for example, an OS17 polypeptide having reduced reductase activity.

D. Production of Organic Acids and Related Products Via In Vitro Techniques

[0174] In addition, purified polypeptides having enzymatic activity can be used alone or in combination with cells to produce 3-HP or other organic compounds such as 1,3-propanediol, acrylic acid, polymerized acrylate, esters of acrylate, esters of 3-HP, and polymerized 3-HP. For example, a preparation containing a substantially pure polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity can be used to catalyze the formation of 3-HP-CoA, a precursor to 3-HP. Further, cell-free extracts containing a polypeptide having enzymatic activity can be used alone or in combination with purified polypeptides and/or cells to produce 3-HP. For example, a cell-free extract containing a polypeptide having CoA transferase activity can be used to form lactyl-CoA, while a microorganism containing polypeptides have the enzymatic activities necessary to catalyze the reactions needed to form 3-HP from lactyl-CoA can be used to produce 3-HP. Any method can be used to produce a cell-free extract. For example, osmotic shock, sonication, and/or a repeated freeze-thaw cycle followed by filtration and/or centrifugation can be used to produce a cell-free extract from intact cells.

[0175] It is noted that a cell, purified polypeptide, and/or cell-free extract can be used to produce 3-HP that is, in turn, treated chemically to produce another compound. For example, a microorganism can be used to produce 3-HP, while a chemical process is used to modify 3-HP into a derivative such as polymerized 3-HP or an ester of 3-HP. Likewise, a chemical process can be used to produce a particular compound that is, in turn, converted into 3-HP or other organic compound (e.g., 1,3-propanediol, acrylic acid, polymerized acrylate, esters of acrylate, esters of 3-HP, and polymerized 3-HP) using a cell, substantially pure polypeptide, and/or cell-free extract described herein. For example, a chemical process can be used to produce acrylyl-CoA, while a microorganism can be used convert acrylyl-CoA into 3-HP.

E. Fermentation of Cells to Produce Organic Acids

[0176] Typically, 3-HP is produced by providing a production cell, such as a microorganism, and culturing the microorganism with culture medium such that 3-HP is produced. In general, the culture media and/or culture conditions can be such that the microorganisms grow to an adequate density and produce 3-HP efficiently. For large-scale production processes, any method can be used such as those described elsewhere (Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2^(nd) Edition, Editors: A. L. Demain and J. E. Davies, ASM Press; and Principles of Fermentation Technology, P. F. Stanbury and A. Whitaker, Pergamon). Briefly, a large tank (e.g., a 100 gallon, 200 gallon, 500 gallon, or more tank) containing appropriate culture medium with, for example, a glucose carbon source is inoculated with a particular microorganism. After inoculation, the microorganisms are incubated to allow biomass to be produced. Once a desired biomass is reached, the broth containing the microorganisms can be transferred to a second tank. This second tank can be any size. For example, the second tank can be larger, smaller, or the same size as the first tank. Typically, the second tank is larger than the first such that additional culture medium can be added to the broth from the first tank. In addition, the culture medium within this second tank can be the same as, or different from, that used in the first tank. For example, the first tank can contain medium with xylose, while the second tank contains medium with glucose.

[0177] Once transferred, the microorganisms can be incubated to allow for the production of 3-HP. Once produced, any method can be used to isolate the 3-HP. For example, common separation techniques can be used to remove the biomass from the broth, and common isolation procedures (e.g., extraction, distillation, and ion-exchange procedures) can be used to obtain the 3-HP from the microorganism-free broth. In addition, 3-HP can be isolated while it is being produced, or it can be isolated from the broth after the product production phase has been terminated.

F. Products Created from the Disclosed Biosynthetic Routes

[0178] The organic compounds produced from any of the steps provided in FIGS. 1-5, 43-44, 54, and 55 can be chemically converted into other organic compounds. For example, 3-HP can be hydrogenated to form 1,3 propanediol, a valuable polyester monomer. Hydrogenating an organic acid such as 3-HP can be performed using any method such as those used to hydrogenate succinic acid and/or lactic acid. For example, 3-HP can be hydrogenated using a metal catalyst. In another example, 3-HP can be dehydrated to form acrylic acid. Any method can be used to perform a dehydration reaction. For example, 3-HP can be heated in the presence of a catalyst (e.g., a metal or mineral acid catalyst) to form acrylic acid. Propanediol also can be created using polypeptides having oxidoreductase activity (e.g., enzymes is the 1.1.1.- class of enzymes) in vitro or in vivo.

V. Overview of Methodology Used to Create Biosynthetic Pathways that Make 3-HP from PEP

[0179] The invention provides methods of making 3-HP and related products from PEP via the use of biosynthetic pathways. Illustrative examples include methods involving the production of 3-HP via a lactate intermediate, a malonyl-CoA intermediate, and a β-alanine intermediate.

A. Biosynthetic Pathway for Making 3-HP Through a Lactic Acid Intermediate

[0180] A biosynthetic pathway that allows for the production of 3-HP from PEP was constructed (FIG. 1). This pathway involved using several polypeptides that were cloned and expressed as described herein. M. eisdenii cells (ATCC 17753) were used as a source of genomic DNA. Primers were used to identify and clone a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having CoA transferase activity (SEQ ID NO: 1). The polypeptide was subsequently tested for enzymatic activity and found to have CoA transferase activity.

[0181] Similarly, PCR primers were used to identify nucleic acid sequences from M. elsdenii genomic DNA that encoded an E1 activator, E2 α, and E2 β polypeptides (SEQ ID NOs: 9, 17, and 25, respectively). These polypeptides were subsequently shown to have lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity.

[0182]Chloroflexus aurantiacus cells (ATCC 29365) were used as a source of genomic DNA. Initial cloning lead to the identification of nucleic acid sequences: OS17 (SEQ ID NO: 129) and OS19 (SEQ ID NO: 40). Subsequence assays revealed that OS17 encodes a polypeptide having CoA synthase activity, dehydratase activity, and dehydrogenase activity (propionyl-CoA synthatase). Subsequence assays also revealed that OS19 encodes a polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity (also referred to as acrylyl-CoA hydratase activity).

[0183] Several operons were constructed for use in E. coli. These operons allow for the production of 3-HP in bacterial cells. Additional experiments allowed for the expression of these polypeptide is yeast, which can be used to produce 3-HP.

B. Biosynthetic Pathway for Making 3-HP Through a Malonyl-CoA Intermediate

[0184] Another pathway leading to the production of 3-HP from PEP was constructed. This pathway used a polypeptide having acetyl CoA carboxylase activity that was isolated from E. coli (Example 9), and a polypeptide having malonyl-CoA reductase activity that was isolated from Chloroflexus aurantacius (Example 10). The combination of these two polypeptides allows for the production of 3-HP from acetyl-CoA (FIG. 44).

[0185] Nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having malonyl-CoA reductase activity (SEQ ID NO: 140) was cloned, sequenced, and expressed. The polypeptide having malonyl-CoA reductase activity was then used to make 3-HP.

C. Biosynthetic Pathways for Making 3-HP Through a β-alanine Intermediate

[0186] In general, prokaryotes and eukaryotes metabolize glucose via the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway to PEP, a central metabolite in carbon metabolism. The PEP generated from glucose is either carboxylated to oxlaoacetate or is converted to pyruvate. Carboxylation of PEP to oxaloacetate can be catalyzed by a polypeptide having PEP carboxylase activity, a polypeptide having PEP carboxykinase activity, or a polypeptide having PEP transcarboxylase activity. Pyruvate that is generated from PEP by a polypeptide having pyruvate kinase activity can also be converted to oxaloacetate by a polypeptide having pyruvate carboxylase activity.

[0187] Oxaloacetate generated either from PEP or pyruvate can act as a precursor for production of aspartic acid. This conversion can be carried out by a polypeptide having aspartate aminotransferase activity, which transfers an amino group from glutamate to oxaloacetate. Glutamate consumed in this reaction can be regenerated by the action of a polypeptide having glutamate dehydrogenase activity or by the action of a polypeptide having 4,4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity. The decarboxylation of aspartate to β-alanine is catalyzed by a polypeptide having aspartate decarboxylase activity. β-alanine produced through this biochemistry can be converted to 3-HP via two possible pathways. These pathways are provided in FIGS. 54 and 55.

[0188] The steps involved in the production of β-alanine can be the same for both pathways. These steps can be accomplished by endogenous polypeptides in the host cells which convert PEP to β-alanine, or these steps can be accomplished with recombinant DNA technology using known polypeptides such as polypeptides having PEP-carboxykinase activity (4.1.1.32), aspartate aminotransferase activity (2.6.1.1), and aspartate alpha-decarboxylase activity (4.1.1.11).

[0189] As depicted in FIG. 54, a polypeptide having CoA transferase activity (e.g., a polypeptide having a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2) can be used to convert β-alanine to β-alanyl-CoA. β-alanyl-CoA can be converted to acrylyl-CoA via a polypeptide having β-alanyl-CoA ammonia lyase activity (e.g., a polypeptide having a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 160). Acrylyl-CoA can be converted to 3-HP-CoA using a polypeptide having 3-HP-CoA dehydratase activity (e.g., a polypeptide having a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:40). 3-HP-CoA can be converted into 3-HP via a polypeptide having CoA transferase activity,(e.g., a polypeptide having a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2).

[0190] As depicted in FIG. 55, a polypeptide having 4,4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity (2.6.1.19) can be used to convert β-alanine into malonate semialdehyde. The malonate semialdehyde can be converted into 3-HP using either a polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase activity (1.1.1.59) or a polypeptide having 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase activity.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Cloning Nucleic Acid Molecules that Encode a Polypeptide having CoA Transferase Activity

[0191] Genomic DNA was isolated from Megasphaera elsdenii cells (ATCC 17753) grown in 1053 Reinforced Clostridium media under anaerobic conditions at 37° C. in roll tubes for 12-14 hours. Once grown, the cells were pelleted, washed with 5 mL of a 10 mM Tris solution, and repelleted. The pellet was resuspended in 1 mL of Gentra Cell Suspension Solution to which 14.2 mg of lysozyme and 4 μL of 20 mg/mL proteinase K solution was added. The cell suspension was incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes. The genomic DNA was than isolated using a Gentra Genomic DNA Isolation Kit following the provided protocol. The precipitated genomic DNA was spooled and air-dried for 10 minutes. The genomic DNA was suspended in 500 μL of a 10 mM Tris solution and stored at 4° C.

[0192] Two degenerate forward (CoAF1 and CoAF2) and three degenerate reverse (CoAR1, CoAR2, and CoAR3) PCR primers were designed based on conserved acetoacetyl CoA transferase and propionate CoA transferase sequences (CoAF1 5′-GAAWSCGGYSCNATYGGYGG-3′, SEQ ID NO: 49; CoAF2 5′-TTYTGYGGYRSBTTYACBGCWGG-3′, SEQ ID NO: 50; CoAR1 5′-CCWGCVGTRAAVSYRCCRCARAA-3′, SEQ ID NO: 51; CoAR2 5′-AARACDSMRCGTTCVGTRATRTA-3′, SEQ ID NO: 52; and CoAR3 5′-TCRAYRCCSGGWGCRAYTTC-3′, SEQ ID NO: 53). The primers were used in all logical combinations in PCR using Taq polymerase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Indianapolis, Ind.) and 1 ng of genomic DNA per μL reaction mix. PCR was conducted using a touchdown PCR program with 4 cycles at an annealing temperature of 59° C., 4 cycles at 57° C., 4 cycles at 55° C., and 18 cycles at 52° C. Each cycle used an initial 30-second denaturing step at 94° C. and a 3 minute extension at 72° C. The program had an initial denaturing step for 2 minutes at 94° C. and a final extension step of 4 minutes at 72° C. Time allowed for annealing was 45 seconds. The amounts of PCR primer used in the reactions were increased 2-8 fold above typical PCR amounts depending on the amount of degeneracy in the 3′ end of the primer. In addition, separate PCR reactions containing each individual primer were made to identify PCR products resulting from single degenerate primers. Each PCR product (25 μL) was separated by electrophoresis using a 1% TAE (Tris-acetate-EDTA) agarose gel.

[0193] The CoAF1-CoAR2, CoAF1-CoAR3, CoAF2-CoAR2, and CoAF2-CoAR3 combinations produced a band of 423, 474, 177, and 228 bp, respectively. These bands matched the sizes based on other CoA transferase sequences. No band was visible from the individual primer control reactions. The CoAF1-CoAR3 fragment (474 bp) was isolated and purified using a Qiagen Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, Calif.). Four μL of the purified band was ligated into pCRH vector and transformed into TOP10 E. coli cells by heat-shock using a TOPO cloning procedure (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Transformations were plated on LB media containing 100 μg/mL of ampicillin (Amp) and 50 μg/mL of 5-Bromo-4-Chloro-3-Indolyl-B-D-Galactopyranoside (X-gal). Single, white colonies were plated onto fresh media and screened in a PCR reaction using the CoAF1 and CoAR3 primers to confirm the presence of the insert.

[0194] Plasmid DNA obtained using a QiaPrep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen, Inc) was quantified and used for DNA sequencing with M13R and M13F primers. Sequence analysis revealed that the CoAF1-CoAR3 fragment shared sequence similarity with acetoacetyl CoA transferase sequences.

[0195] Genome walking was performed to obtain the complete coding sequence. The following primers for genome wailing in both upstream and downstream directions were designed using the portion of the 474 bp CoAF1-CoAR3 fragment sequence that was internal to the degenerate primers (COAGSP1F 5′-GAATGTTTACTTCTGCGGCACCTTCAC-3′, SEQ ID NO:54; COAGSP2F 5′-GACCAGATCACTTTCAACGGTTCCTATG-3′, SEQ ID NO:55; COAGSP1R 5′-GCATAGGAACCGTTGAAAGTGATCTGG-3′, SEQ ID NO:56; and COAGSP2R 5′-GTTAGTACCGAACTTGCTGACGTTGATG-3′, SEQ ID NO:57). The COAGSP1F and COAGSP2F primers face downstream, while the COAGSPlR and COAGSP2R primers face upstream. In addition, the COAGSP2F and COAGSP2R primers are nested inside the COAGSP1F and COAGSP1R primers. Genome walking was performed using the Universal Genome Walking kit (ClonTech Laboratories, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.) with the exception that additional libraries were generated with enzymes Nru I, Sca I, and Hinc II. First round PCR was conducted in a Perkin Elmer 2400 Thermocycler with 7 cycles of 2 seconds at 94° C. and 3 minutes at 72° C., and 36 cycles of 2 seconds at 94° C. and 3 minutes at 65° C. with a final extension at 65° C. for 4 minutes. Second round PCR used 5 cycles of 2 seconds at 94° C. and 3 minutes at 72° C., and 20 cycles of 2 seconds at 94° C. and 3 minutes at 65° C. with a final extension at 65° C. for 4 minutes. The first and second round product (20 μL) was separated by electrophoresis on a 1% TAE agarose gel. Amplification products were obtained with the Stu I library for the reverse direction. The second round product of 1.5 Kb from this library was gel purified, cloned, and sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed that the sequence derived from genome walling overlapped with the CoAF1-CoAR3 fragment and shared sequence similarity with other sequences such as acetoacetyl CoA transferase sequences (FIGS. 8-9).

[0196] Nucleic acid encoding the CoA transferase (propionyl-CoA transferase or pct) from Megasphaera elsdenii was PCR amplified from chromosomal DNA using following PCR program: 25 cycles of 95° C. for 30 seconds to denature, 50° C. for 30 seconds to anneal, and 72° C. for 3 minutes for extension (plus 2 seconds per cycle). The primers used were designated PCT-1.114 (5′-ATGAGAAAAGTAGAAATCATTAC-3′; SEQ ID NO:58) and PCT-2.2045 (5′-GGCGGAAGTTGACGATAATG-3′; SEQ ID NO:59). The resulting PCR product (about 2 kb as judged by agarose gel electrophoresis) was purified using a Qiagen PCR purification kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, Calif.). The purified product was ligated to pETBlue-1 using the Perfectly Blunt cloning Kit (Novagen, Madison, Wis. The ligation reaction was transformed into NovaBlue chemically competent cells (Novagen, Madison, Wis.) that were spread on LB agar plates supplemented with 50 μg/mL carbenicillin, 40 μg/mL IPTG, and 40 μg/mL X-Gal. White colonies were isolated and screened for the presence of inserts by restriction mapping. Isolates with the correct restriction pattern were sequenced from each end using the primers pETBlueUP and pETBlueDOWN (Novagen) to confirm the sequence at the ligation points.

[0197] The plasmid was transformed into Tuner (DE3) pLacI chemically competent cells (Novagen, Madison, Wis.), and expression from the construct tested. Briefly, a culture was grown overnight to saturation and diluted 1:20 the following morning in fresh LB medium with the appropriate antibiotics. The culture was grown at 37° C. with aeration to an OD₆₀₀ of about 0.6. The culture was induced with IPTG at a final concentration of 100 μM. The culture was incubated for an additional two hours at 37° C. with aeration. Aliquots were taken pre-induction and 2 hours post-induction for SDS-PAGE analysis. A band of the expected molecular weight (55,653 Daltons predicted from the sequence) was observed after IPTG treatment This band was not observed in cells containing a plasmid lacking the nucleic acid encoding the transferase.

[0198] Cell free extracts were prepared to assess enzymatic activity. Briefly, the cells were harvested by centrifugation and disrupted by sonication. The sonicated cell suspension was centrifuged to remove cell debris, and the supernatant was used in the assays.

[0199] Transferase activity was measured in the following assay. The assay mixture used contained 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 200 mM sodium acetate, 1 mM dithiobisnitrobenzoate (DTNB), 500 μM oxaloacetate, 25 μM CoA-ester substrate, and 3 μg/in citrate synthase. If present, the CoA transferase transfers the CoA from the CoA ester to acetate to form acetyl-CoA. The added citrate synthase condenses oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA to form citrate and free CoASH. The free CoASH complexes with DTNB, and the formation of this complex can be measured by a change in the optical density at 412 nm. The activity of the CoA transferase was measured using the following substrates: lactyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, acrylyl-CoA, and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA. The units/mg of protein was calculated using the following formula:

(ΔE/min*V _(f)*dilution factor)/(V _(S)*14.2)=units/mL

[0200] where ΔE/min is the change in absorbance per minute at 412 nm, V_(f) is the final volume of the reaction, and V_(S) is the volume of sample added. The total protein concentration of the cell free extract was about 1 mg/mL so the units/mL equals units/mg.

[0201] Cell free extracts from cells containing nucleic acid encoding the CoA transferase exhibited CoA transferase activity (Table 2). The observed CoA transferase activity was detected for the lactyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, acrylyl-CoA, and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA substrates (Table 2). The highest CoA transferase activity was detected for lactyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA. TABLE 2 Substrate Units/mg Lactyl-CoA 211 Propionyl-CoA 144 Acrylyl-CoA 118 3-Hydroxypropionyl-CoA 110

[0202] The following assay was performed to test whether the CoA transferase activity can use the same CoA substrate donors as recipients. Specifically, CoA transferase activity was assessed using a Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) Voyager RP workstation (PerSeptive Biosystems). The following five reactions were analyzed:

[0203] 1) acetate+lactyl-CoA→lactate+acetyl-CoA

[0204] 2) acetate+propionyl-CoA→propionate+acetyl-CoA

[0205] 3) lactate+acetyl-CoA→acetate+lactyl-CoA

[0206] 4) lactate+acrylyl-CoA→acrylate+lactyl-CoA

[0207] 5) 3-hydroxypropionate+lactyl-CoA→lactate+3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA

[0208] MALDI-TOF MS was used to measure simultaneously the appearance of the product CoA ester and the disappearance of the donor CoA ester. The assay buffer contained 50 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.0), 1 mM CoA ester, and 100 mM respective acid salt. Protein from a cell free extract prepared as described above was added to a final concentration of 0.005 mg. A control reaction was prepared from a cell free extract prepared from cells lacking the construct containing the CoA transferase-encoding nucleic acid. For each reaction, the cell free extract was added last to start the reaction. Reactions were allowed to proceed at room temperature and were stopped by adding 1 volume 10% trifluroacetic acid (TFA). The reaction mixtures were purified prior to MALDI-TOF MS, analysis using Sep Pak Vac C₁₈ 50 mg columns (Waters, Inc.). The columns were conditioned with 1 mL methanol and equilibrated with two washes of 1 mL 0.1% TFA. Each sample was applied to the column, and the flow through was discarded. The column was washed twice with 1 mL 0.1% TFA. The sample was eluted in 200 μL 40% acetonitrile, 0.1% TFA. The acetonitrile was removed by centrifugation in vacuo. Samples were prepared for MALDI-TOF MS analysis by mixing 1:1 with 110 mM sinapinic acid in 0.1% TFA, 67% acetonitrile. The samples were allowed to air dry.

[0209] In reaction #1, the control sample exhibited a main peak at a molecular weight corresponding to lactyl-CoA (MW 841). There was a minor peak at the molecular weight corresponding to acetyl-CoA (MW 811). This minor peak was determined to be the left-over acetyl-CoA from the synthesis of lactyl-CoA. The reaction #1 sample containing the cell extract from cells transfected with the CoA transferase-encoding plasmid exhibited complete conversion of lactyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA. No peak was observed for lactyl-CoA. This result indicates that the CoA transferase activity can transfer CoA from lactyl-CoA to acetate to form acetyl-CoA.

[0210] In reaction #2, the control sample exhibited a dominant peak at a molecular weight corresponding to propionyl-CoA (MW 825). The reaction #2 sample containing the cell extract from cells transfected with the CoA transferase-encoding plasmid exhibited a dominant peak at a molecular weight corresponding to acetyl-CoA (MW 811). No peak was observed for propionyl-CoA. This result indicates that the CoA transferase activity can transfer CoA from propionyl-CoA to acetate to form acetyl-CoA.

[0211] In reaction #3, the control sample exhibited a dominant peak at a molecular weight corresponding to acetyl-CoA (MW 811). The reaction #3 sample containing the cell extract from cells transfected with the CoA transferase-encoding plasmid exhibited a peak corresponding to lactyl-CoA (MW 841). The peak corresponding to acetyl-CoA did not disappear. In fact, the ratio of the size of the two peaks was about 1:1. The observed appearance of the peak corresponding to lactyl-CoA demonstrates that the CoA transferase activity catalyzes reaction #3.

[0212] In reaction #4, the control sample exhibited a dominant peak at a molecular weight corresponding to acrylyl-CoA (MW 823). The reaction #4 sample containing the cell extract from cells transfected with the CoA transferase-encoding plasmid exhibited a dominant peak corresponding to lactyl-CoA (MW 841). This result demonstrates that the CoA transferase activity catalyzes reaction #4.

[0213] In reaction #5, deuterated lactyl-CoA was used to detect the transfer of CoA from lactate to 3-hydroxypropionate since lactic acid and 3-HP have the same molecular weight as do their respective CoA esters. Using deuterated lactyl-CoA allowed for the differentiation between lactyl-CoA and 3-hydroxypropionate using MALDI-TOF MS. The control sample exhibited a diffuse group of peaks at molecular weights ranging from MW 841 to 845 due to the varying amounts of hydrogen atoms that were replaced with deuterium atoms. In addition, a significant peak was observed at a molecular weight corresponding to acetyl-CoA (MW 811). This peak was determined to be the left-over acetyl-CoA from the synthesis of lactyl-CoA. The reaction #5 sample containing the cell extract from cells transfected with the CoA transferase-encoding plasmid exhibited a dominant peak at a molecular weight corresponding to 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA (MW 841) as opposed to a group of peaks ranging from MW 841 to 845. This result demonstrates that the CoA transferase catalyzes reaction #5.

Example 2 Cloning Nucleic Acid Molecules that Encode a Multiple Polypeptide Complex having Lactyl-CoA Dehydratase Activity

[0214] The following methods were used to clone an E1 activator polypeptide. Briefly, four degenerate forward and five degenerate reverse PCR primers were designed based on conserved sequences of E1 activator protein homologs (E1F1 5′-GCWACBGGYTAYGGYCG-3′, SEQ ID NO:60; E1F2 5′-GTYRTYGAYRTYGGYGGYCAGGA-3′, SEQ ID NO:61; E1F3 5′-ATGAACGAYAARTGYGCWGCWGG-3′, SEQ ID NO:62; E1F4 5′-TGYGCWGCWGGYACBGGYCGYTT-3′, SEQ ID NO:63; E1R1 5′-TCCTGRCCRCCRAYRTCRAYRAC-3′, SEQ ID NO:64; E1R2 5′-CCWGCWGCRCAYTlkTCGTTCAT-3′, SEQ ID NO:65; E1R3 5′-AARCGRCCVGTRCCWGCWGCRCA-3′, SEQ ID NO:66; E1R4 5′-GCTTCGSWTTCRACRATGSW-3′, SEQ ID NO:67; and E1R5 5′-GSWRATRACTYCGCWTTCWGCRAA-3′, SEQ ID NO:68).

[0215] The primers were used in all logical combinations in PCR using Taq polymerase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Indianapolis, Ind.) and 1 ng of genomic DNA per μL reaction mix. PCR was conducted using a touchdown PCR program with 4 cycles at an annealing temperature of 60° C., 4 cycles at 58° C., 4 cycles at 56° C., and 18 cycles at 54° C. Each cycle used an initial 30-second denaturing step at 94° C. and a 3 minute extension step at 72° C. The program had an initial denaturing step for 2 minutes at 94° C. and a final extension step of 4 minutes at 72° C. Time allowed for annealing was 45 seconds. The amounts of PCR primer used in the reactions were increased 2-10 fold above typical PCR amounts depending on the amount of degeneracy in the 3′ end of the primer. In addition, separate PCR reactions containing each individual primer were made to identify PCR product resulting from single degenerate primers. Each PCR product (25 μL) was separated by electrophoresis using a 1% TAE (Tris-acetate-EDTA) agarose gel.

[0216] The E1F2-E1R4, E1F2-E1R5, E1F3-E1R4, E1F3-E1R5, and E1F4-E1R4R2 combinations produced a band of 195, 207, 144, 156, and 144 bp, respectively. These bands matched the expected size based on E1 activator sequences from other species. No band was visible with individual primer control reactions. The E1F2-E1R5 fragment (207 bp) was isolated and purified using Qiagen Gel Extraction procedure (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, Calif.). The purified band (4 μL) was ligated into a pCRII vector that then was transformed into TOP10 E. coli cells by heat-shock using a TOPO cloning procedure (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Transformations were plated on LB media containing 100 μg/mL of ampicillin (Amp) and 50 μg/mL of 5-Bromo4-Chloro-3-Indolyl-B-D-Galactopyranoside (X-gal). Single, white colonies were plated onto fresh media and screened in a PCR reaction using the E1F2 and E1R5 primers to confirm the presence of the insert. Plasmid DNA was obtained from multiple colonies using a QiaPrep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen, Inc). Once obtained, the plasmid DNA was quantified and used for DNA sequencing with M13R and M13F primers. Sequence analysis revealed a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide and revealed that the E1F2-E1R5 fragment shared sequence similarity with E1 activator sequences (FIGS. 12-13).

[0217] Genome walling was performed to obtain the complete coding sequence of E2 α and β subunits. Briefly, four primers for performing genome walking in both upstream and downstream directions were designed using the portion of the 207 bp E1F2-E1R5 fragment sequence that was internal to the E1F2 and E1R5 degenerate primers (E1GSP1F 5′-ACGTCATGTCGAAGGTACTGGAAATCC-3′, SEQ ID NO:69; E1GSP2F 5′-GGGACTGGTACTTCAAATCGAAGCATC-3′, SEQ ID NO:70; E1GSP1R 5′-TGACGGCAGCGGGATGCTTCGATTTGA-3′, SEQ ID NO:71; and E1GSP2R 5′-TCAGACATGGGGATTTCCAGTACCTTC-3′, SEQ ID NO:72). The E1GSP1F and E1GSP2F primers face downstream, while the E1GSP1R and E1GSP2R primers face upstream. In addition, the E1GSP2F and E1GSP2R primers are nested inside the E1GSP1F and E1GSP1R primers.

[0218] Genome walking was performed using the Universal Genome Walking Kit (ClonTech Laboratories, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.) with the exception that additional libraries were generated with enzymes Nru I, Sca I, and Hinc H. First round PCR was performed in a Perkin Elmer 2400 Thermocycler with 7 cycles of 2 seconds at 94° C. and 3 minutes at 72° C., and 36 cycles of 2 seconds at 94° C. and 3 minutes at 65° C. with a final extension at 65° C. for 4 minutes. Second round PCR used 5 cycles of 2 seconds at 94° C. and 3 minutes at 72° C., and 20 cycles of 2 seconds at 94° C. and 3 minutes at 65° C. with a final extension at 65° C. for 4 minutes. The first and second round product (20 μL) was separated by electrophoresis using 1% TAE agarose gel. Amplification products were obtained with the Stu I library for both forward and reverse directions. The second round product of about 1.5 kb for forward direction and 3 kb fragment for reverse direction from the Stu I library were gel purified, cloned, and sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed that the sequence derived from genome walking overlapped with the E1F2-E1R5 fragment.

[0219] To obtain additional sequence, a second genome walk was performed using a first round primer (E1GSPF5 5′-CCGTGTTACTTGGGAAGGTATCGCTGTCTG-3′, SEQ ID NO:73) and a second round primer (E1GSPF6 5′-GCCAATGAAGGAGGAAACCACTAATGAGTC-3′, SEQ ID NO:74). The genome walk was performed using the NruI, ScaI, and HincII libraries. In addition, ClonTech's Advantage-Genomic Polymerase was used for the PCR. First round PCR was performed in a Perkin Elmer 2400 Thermocycler with an initial denaturing step at 94° C. for 2 minutes, 7 cycles of 2 seconds at 94° C. and 3 minutes at 72° C., and 36 cycles of 2 seconds at 94° C. and 3 minutes at 65° C. with a final extension at 65° C. for 4 minutes. Second round PCR used 5 cycles of 2 seconds at 94° C. and 3 minutes at 72° C., and 20 cycles of 2 seconds at 94° C. and 3 minutes at 65° C. with a final extension at 65° C. for 4 minutes. The first and second round product (20 μL) was separated by electrophoresis on a 1% agarose gel. An about 1.5 kb amplification product was obtained from second round PCR of the HincII library. This band was gel purified, cloned, and sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed that it overlapped with the previously obtained genome walk fragment. In addition, sequence analysis revealed a nucleic acid sequence encoding an E2 α subunit that shares sequence similarities with other sequences (FIGS. 16-17). Further, sequence analysis revealed a nucleic acid sequence encoding an E2 β subunit that shares sequence similarities with other sequences (FIGS. 20-21).

[0220] Additional PCR and sequence analysis revealed the order of polypeptide encoding sequences within the region containing the lactyl-CoA dehydratase-encoding sequences. Specifically, the E1GSP1F and COAGSP1R primer pair and the COAGSP1F and E1GSP1R primer pair were used to amplify fragments that encode both the CoA transferase and E1 activator polypeptides. Briefly, M. elsdenii genome DNA (1 ng) was used as a template. The PCR was conducted in Perkin Elmer 2400 Thermocycler using Long Template Polymerase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Indianapolis, Ind.). The PCR program used was as follows: 94° C. for 2 minutes; 29 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 61° C. for 45 seconds, and 72° C. for 6 minutes; and a final extension of 72° C. for 10 minutes. Both PCR products (20 μL) were separated on a 1% agarose gel. An amplification product (about 1.5 kb) was obtained using the COAGSP1F and E1GSP1R primer pair. This product was gel purified, cloned, and sequenced (FIG. 22).

[0221] The organization of the M. elsdenii operon containing the lactyl-CoA dehydratase-encoding sequences was determined to containing the following polypeptide-encoding sequences in the following order: CoA transferase (FIG. 6), ORFX (FIG. 23), E1 activator protein of lactyl-CoA dehydratase (FIG. 10), E2 α subunit of lactyl-CoA dehydratase (FIG. 14), E2 β subunit of lactyl-CoA dehydratase (FIG. 18), and truncated CoA dehydrogenase (FIG. 25).

[0222] The lactyl-CoA dehydratase (lactyl-CoA dehydratase or lcd) from M. elsdenii was PCR amplified from chromosomal DNA using the following program: 94° C. for 2 minutes; 7 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 47° C. for 45 seconds, and 72° C. for 3 minutes; 25 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 54° C. for 45 seconds, and 72° C. for 3 minutes; and 72° C. for 7 minutes. One primer pair was used (OSNBE1F 5′-GGGAATTCCATATGAAAACTGTGTATACTCTC-3′, SEQ ID NO:75 and OSNBE1R 5′-CGACGGATCCTTAGAGGATTTCCGAGAAAGC-3′, SEQ ID NO:76). The amplified product (about 3.2 kb) was separated on 1% agarose gel, cut from the gel, and purified with a Qiagen Gel Extraction kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.). The purified product was digested with Nde I and BamHI restriction enzymes and ligated into pET11a vector (Novagen) digested with the same enzymes. The ligation reaction was tnansformed into NovaBlue chemically competent cells (Novagen) that then were spread on LB agar plates supplemented with 50 μg/mL carbenicillin. Isolated individual colonies were screened for the presence of inserts by restriction mapping. Isolates with the correct restriction pattern were sequenced from each end using Novagen primers (M7 promoter primer #69348-3 and T7 terminator primer #69337-3) to confirm the sequence at the ligation points.

[0223] A plasmid having the correct insert was transformed into Tuner (DE3) pLacI chemically competent cells (Novagen, Madison, Wis.). Expression from this construct was tested as follows. A culture was grown overnight to saturation and diluted 1:20 the following morning in fresh LB medium with the appropriate antibiotics. The culture was grown at 37° C. with aeration to an OD₆₀₀ of about 0.6. The culture was induced with IPTG at a final concentration of 100 μM. The culture was incubated for an additional two hours at 37° C. with aeration. Aliquots were taken pre-induction and 2 hours post-induction for SDS-PAGE analysis. Bands of the expected molecular weight (27,024 Daltons for the E1 subunit, 48,088 Daltons for the E2 α subunit, and 42,517 Daltons for the E2 β subunit—all predicted from the sequence) were observed. These bands were not observed in cells containing a plasmid lacking the nucleic acid encoding the three components of the lactyl-CoA dehydratase.

[0224] Cell free extracts were prepared by growing cells in a sealed serum bottle overnight at 37° C. Following overnight growth, the cultures were induced with 1 mM IPTG (added using anaerobic technique) and incubated an additional 2 hours at 37° C. The cells were harvested by centrifugation and disrupted by sonication under strict anaerobic conditions. The sonicated cell suspension was centrifuged to remove cell debris, and the supernatant was used in the assays. The buffer used for cell resuspension/sonication was 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 200 μM ATP, 7 mM Mg(SO₄), 4 mM DTT, 1 mM dithionite, and 100 μM NADH.

[0225] Dehydratase activity was detected with MALDI-TOF MS. The assay was conducted in the same buffer as above with 1 mM lactyl-CoA or 1 mM acrylyl-CoA added and about 5 mg/mL cell free extract Prior to MALDI-TOF MS analysis, samples were purified using Sep Pak Vac C₁₈ columns (Waters, Inc.) as described in Example 1. The following two reactions were analyzed:

[0226] 1) acrylyl-CoA→lactyl-CoA

[0227] 2) lactyl-CoA→acrylyl-CoA

[0228] In reaction #1, the control sample exhibited a peak at a molecular weight corresponding to acrylyl-CoA (MW 823). The reaction #1 sample containing the cell extract from cells transfected with the dehydratase-encoding plasmid exhibited a major peak at a molecular weight corresponding to lactyl-CoA (MW 841). This result indicates that the dehydratase activity can convert acrylyl-CoA into lactyl-CoA.

[0229] To detect dehydratase activity on lactyl-CoA, reaction #2 was carried out in 80% D₂O. The control sample exhibited a peak at a molecular weight corresponding to lactyl-CoA (MW 841). The reaction #2 sample containing the cell extract from cells transfected with the dehydratase-encoding plasmid revealed a lactyl-CoA peak shifted to a deuterated form. This result indicates that the dehydratase enzyme is active on lactyl-CoA. In addition, the results from both reactions indicate that the dehydratase enzyme can catalyze the lactyl-CoA←→acrylyl-CoA reaction in both directions.

Example 3 Cloning Nucleic Acid Molecules that Encode a Polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl CoA Dehydratase Activity

[0230] Genomic DNA was isolated from Chloroflexus aurantiacus cells (ATCC 29365). Briefly, C. aurantiacus cells in 920 Chloroflexus medium were grown in 50 mL cultures (Falcon 2070 polypropylene tubes) using an Innova 4230 Incubator, Shaker (New Brunswick Scientific; Edison, N.J.) at 50° C. with interior lights. Once grown, the cells were pelleted, washed with 5 mL of a 10 mM Tris solution, and re-pelleted. Genomic DNA was isolated from the pelleted cells using a Gentra Genomic “Puregene” DNA isolation kit (Gentra Systems; Minneapolis, Minn.). Briefly, the pelleted cells were resuspended in 1 mL Gentra Cell Suspension Solution to which 14.2 mg of lysozyme and 4 μL of 20 mg/mL proteinase K solution was added. The cell suspension was incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes. The precipitated genomic DNA was recovered by centrifugation at 3500×g for 25 minutes and air-dried for 10 minutes. The genomic DNA was suspended in 300 μL of a 10 mM Tris solution and stored at 4° C.

[0231] The genomic DNA was used as a template in PCR amplification reactions with primers designed based on conserved domains of crotonase homologs and a Chloroflexus aurantiacus codon usage table. Briefly, two degenerate forward (CRF1 and CRF2) and three degenerate reverse (CRR1, CRR2, and CRR3) PCR primers were designed (CRF1 5′-AAYCGBCCVAARGCNCTSAAYGC-3′, SEQ ID NO:77; CRF2: 5′-ITYGTBGCNGGYGCNGAYAT-3′, SEQ ID NO:78; CRR1 5′-ATRTCNGCRCCNGCVACRAA-3′, SEQ ID NO:79; CRR2 5′-CCRCCRCCSAGNGCRWARCCRTT-3′, SEQ ID NO:80; and CRR3 5′-SSWNGCRATVCGRATRTCRAC-3′, SEQ ID NO:81).

[0232] These primers were used in all logical combinations in PCR using Taq polymerase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals; Indianapolis, Ind.) and 1 ng of the genomic DNA per μL reaction mix. The PCR was conducted using a touchdown PCR program with 4 cycles at an annealing temperature of 61° C., 4 cycles at 59° C., 4 cycles at 57° C., 4 cycles at 55° C., and 16 cycles at 52° C. Each cycle used an initial 30-second denaturing step at 94° C. and a 3-minute extension step at 72° C. The program also had an initial denaturing step for 2 minutes at 94° C. and a final extension step of 4 minutes at 72° C. The time allowed for annealing was 45 seconds. The amounts of PCR primer used in the reaction were increased 4-12 fold above typical PCR amounts depending on the amount of degeneracy in the 3′ end of the primer. In addition, separate PCR reactions containing each individual primer were performed to identify amplification products resulting from single degenerate primers. Each PCR product (25 μL) was separated by gel electrophoresis using a 1% TAE (Tris-acetate-EDTA) agarose gel.

[0233] The CRF1-CRR1 and CRF2-CRR2 combinations produced a unique band of about 120 and about 150 bp, respectively. These bands matched the expected size based on crotonase genes from other species. No 120 bp or 150 bp band was observed from individual primer control reactions. Both fragments (i.e., the 120 bp and 150 bp bands) were isolated and purified using the Qiagen Gel Extraction kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, Calif.). Each purified fragment (4 μL) was ligated into pCRII vector that then was transformed into TOP10 E. coli cells by a heat-shock method using a TOP.O cloning procedure (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Transformations were plated on LB media containing 100 μg/mL of ampicillin (Amp) and 50 μg/nl of 5-Bromo-4-Chloro-3-Indolyl-B-D-Galactopyranoside (X-gal). Single, white colonies were plated onto fresh media and screened in a PCR reaction using the CRF1 and CRR1 primers and the CRF2 and CRR2 primers to confirm the presence of the desired insert. Plasmid DNA was obtained from multiple colonies with the desired insert using a QiaPrep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen, Inc.). Once obtained, the DNA was quantified and used for DNA sequencing with M13R and M13F primers. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of two different clones from the PCR product of about 150 bp. Each shared sequence similarity with crotonase and hydratase sequences. The two clones were designated OS17 (157 bp PCR product) and OS19 (151 bp PCR product).

[0234] Genome walking was performed to obtain the complete coding sequence of OS17. Briefly, primers for conducting genome walking in both upstream and downstream directions were designed using the portion of the 157 bp CRF2-CRR2 fragment sequence that was internal to the CRF2 and CRR2 degenerate primers (OS17F1 5′-CGCTGATATTCGCCAGTTGCTCGAAG-3′, SEQ ID NO:82; OS17F2 5′-CCCATCTTGCTTTCCGCAAGATTGAGC-3′, SEQ ID NO:83; OS17F3 5′-CAATGGCCCTGCCGAATAACGCCCATCT-3′, SEQ ID NO:84; OS17R1 5′-CTTCGAGCAACTGGCGAATATCAGCG-3′, SEQ ID NO:85; OS17R2 5′-GCTCAATCTTGCGGAAAGCAAGATGGG-3′, SEQ ID NO:86; and OS17R3 5′-AGATGGGCGTIATTCGGCAGGGCCATTG-3′, SEQ ID NO:87). The OS17F1, OS17F3, and OS17F2 primers face downstream, while the OS17R2, OS17R3, and OS17R1 primers face upstream.

[0235] Genome walking was conducted using the Universal Genome Walking kit (ClonTech Laboratories, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.) with the exception that additional libraries were generated with enzymes Nru I, Fsp I, and Hinc II. The first round PCR was conducted in a Perkin Elmer 2400 Thermocycler with 7 cycles of 2 seconds at 94° C. and 3 minutes at 72° C., and 36 cycles of 2 seconds at 94° C. and 3 minutes at 66° C. with a final extension at 66° C. for 4 minutes. Second round PCR used 5 cycles of 2 seconds at 94° C. and 3 minutes at 72° C., and 20 cycles of 2 seconds at 94° C. and 3 minutes at 66° C. with a final extension at 66° C. for 4 minutes. The first and second round amplification product (5 μL) was separated by gel electrophoresis on a 1% TAE agarose gel. After the second round PCR, an amplification product of about 0.4 kb was obtained with the Fsp I library using the OS17R1 primer in the reverse direction, and an amplification product of about 0.6 kb was obtained with the Hinc II library using the OS17F2 primer in the forward direction. These PCR products were cloned and sequenced.

[0236] Sequence analysis revealed that the sequences derived from genome walking overlapped with the CRF2-CRR2 fragment and shared sequence similarity with crotonase and hydratase sequences.

[0237] A second genome walking was performed to obtain additional sequences. Six primers were designed for this second genome walk (OS17F4 5′-AAGCTGGGTCTGATCGATGCCATTGCTACC-3′, SEQ ID NO:88; OS17F5 5′-CTCGATTATCGCCCATCCACGTATCGAG-3′, SEQ ID NO:89; OS17F6 5′-TGGATGCAATCCGCTATGOCATTATCCACG-3′, SEQ ID NO:90; OS17R4 5′-TCATTCAGTGCGTTCACCGGCGGATTTGTC-3′, SEQ ID NO:91; OS17R5 5′-TCGATCCGGAAGTAGCGATAGCGTTCGATG-3′, SEQ ID NO:92; and OS17R6 5′-CTTGGCTGCAATCTCTTCGAGCACTTCAGG-3′, SEQ ID NO:93). The OS17F4, OS17F5, and OS17F6 primers faced downstream, while the OS17R4, OS17R5, and OS17R6 primers faced upstream.

[0238] The second genome walk was performed using the same methods described for the first genome walk. After the second round of walking, an amplification product of about 2.3 kb was obtained with a Hinc II library using the OS17R5 primer in the reverse direction, and an amplification product of about 0.6 kb was obtained with a Pvu II library using the OS17F5 primer in the forward direction. The PCR products were cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed that the sequences derived from the second genome walking overlapped with the sequence obtained during the first genome walking. In addition, the sequence analysis revealed a sequence with 3572 bp.

[0239] A BLAST search revealed that the polypeptide encoded by this sequence shares sequence similarity with polypeptides having three different activities. Specifically, the beginning of the OS17 encoded-polypeptide shares sequence similarity with CoA-synthesases, the middle region of the OS17 encoded-polypeptide shares sequence similarity with enoyl-CoA hydratases, and the end region of the OS17 encoded polypeptide shares sequence similarity with CoA-reductases.

[0240] A third genome walk was performed using four primers (OS17UP-6 5′-CATCAGAGGTAATCACCACTCGTGCA-3′, SEQ ID NO:94; OS17UP-7 5′-AAGTAGTAGGCCACCTCGTCGCCATA-3′, SEQ ID NO:95; OS17DN-1 5′-GCCAATCAGGCGCTGATCTATGTTCT-3′, SEQ ID NO:96; and OS17DN-2 5′-CTGATCTATGTTCTGGCCTCGGAGGT-3′, SEQ ID NO:97). The OS17UP-6 and OS17UP-7 primers face upstream, while the OS17DN-1 and OS17DN-2 primers face downstream. The third genome walk yielded an amplification product of about 1.2 kb with a Nru I library using the OS17UP-7 primer in the reverse direction. In addition, amplification products of about 4 kb and about 1.1 kb were obtained with a Hinc II and Fsp I library, respectively, using the OS17DN-2 primer in the forward direction. Sequence analysis revealed a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide (FIGS. 27-28). The complete OS17 gene had 5466 nucleotides and encoded a 1822 amino acid polypeptide. The calculated molecular weight of the OS17 polypeptide from the sequence was 201,346 (pI=5.71).

[0241] A BLAST search analysis revealed that the product of the OS17 nucleic acid has three different activities based on sequence similarity to (1) CoA-synthesases at the beginning of the OS17 sequence, (2) 3-HP dehydratases in the middle of the OS17 sequence, and (3) CoA-reductases at the end of the OS17 sequence. Thus, the OS17 clone appeared to encode a single enzyme capable of catalyzing three distinct reactions leading to the direct conversion of 3-hydroxypropionate to propionyl CoA: 3-HP→3-HP-CoA→acrylyl-CoA→propionyl-CoA.

[0242] The OS17 gene from C. aurantiacus was PCR amplified from chromosomal DNA using the following conditions: 94° C. for 3 minutes; 25 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds to denature, 54° C. for 30 seconds to anneal, and 68° C. for 6 minutes for extension; followed by 68° C. for 10 minutes for final extension. Two primers were used (OS17F 5′-GGGAATTCCATATGATCGACACTGCG-3′, SEQ ID NO:136; and OS17R 5′-CGAAGGATCCAACGATAATCGGCTCAGCAC-3′, SEQ ID NO:137). The resulting PCR product (˜5.6 Kb) was purified using Qiagen PCR purification kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, Calif.). The purified product was digested with NdeI and BamHI restriction enzymes, heated at 80° C. for 20 minutes to inactivate the enzymes; purified using Qiagen PCR purification kit, and ligated into a pET11a vector (Novagen, Madison, Wis.) previously digested with NdeI and BamHI enzymes. The ligation reaction was transformed into NovaBlue chemically competent cells (Novagen, Madison, Wis.) that were spread on LB agar plates supplemented with 50 μg/mL carbenicillin. Individual transformants were screened by PCR amplification of the OS17 DNA with the OS17F and OS17R primers and conditions as described above directly from colonies cells. Clones that yielded the 5.6 Kb product were used for plasmid purification with Qiagen QiaPrep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen, Inc). Resulting plasmids were transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3) cells, and OS17 polypeptide expression induced. The apparent molecular weight of the OS17 polypeptide according to SDS gel electrophoresis was about 190,000 Da.

[0243] To assay OS17 polypeptide function, a 100 mL culture of BL21-DE3/pET11a-OS17 cells was started using 1 mL of overnight grown culture as an inoculum. The culture was grown to an OD of 0.5-0.6 and was induced with 100 μM IPTG. After two and a half hours of induction, the cells were harvested by spinning at 8000 rpm in the floor centrifuge. The cells were washed with 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.8) and passed twice through a French Press at a gauge pressure of 1000 psi. The cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 15,000 rpm. The activity of the OS17 polypeptide was measured spectrophotometrically, and the products formed during this enzymatic transformation were detected by LC/MS. The assay mix was as follows (J. Bacteriol., 181:1088-1098 (1999)): Reagent Volume Final Conc. Tris-HCl (1000 mM, 7.8 pH) 10 μL 50 mM MgCl₂ (100 mM) 10 μL 5 mM ATP (30 mM) 20 μL 3 mM KCl (100 mM) 20 μL 10 mM CoASH (5 mM) 20 μL 0.5 mM NAD(P)H 20 μL 0.5 mM 3-hydroxypropionate 2 μL 1 mM Protein extract (7 mg/mL) 20 (40) μL 140 μg DI water 78 (58) μL Total 200 μL

[0244] The initial rate of reaction was measured by monitoring the disappearance of NAD(P)H at 340 nm. The activity of the OS17 polypeptide was measured using 3-HP as the substrate. The units/mL of total protein was calculated using the formula set forth in Example 1. The activity of the expressed OS17 polypeptide was calculated to be 0.061 U/mL of total protein. The reaction products were purified using a Sep Pak Vac column (Waters). The column was conditioned with 1 mL methanol and washed two times with 0.5 mL 0.1% TFA. The sample was then applied to the column, and the column was washed two more times with 0.5 mL 0.1% TFA. The sample was eluted with 200 μL of 40% acetonitrile, 0.1% TFA. The acetonitrile was removed from the sample by vacuum centrifugation. The reaction products were analyzed by LC/MS.

[0245] Analyses of thioesters namely propionyl CoA, acrylyl CoA, and 3 HP CoA from the above reaction were carried out using a Waters/Micromass ZQ LC/MS instrument which had a Waters 2690 liquid chromatograph with a Waters 996 Photo-Diode Array (PDA) placed in series between the chromatograph and the single quadropole mass spectrometer. LC separations were made using a 4.6×150 mm YMC ods-AQ (3 μm particles, 120 Å pores) reversed-phase chromatography column at room temperature. CoA esters were eluted in Buffer A (25 mM ammonium acetate, 0.5% acetic acid) with a linear gradient of buffer B (acetonitrile, 0.5% acetic acid). A flow rate of 0.25 mL/minute was used, and photodiode array UV absorbance was monitored from 200 to 400 nm. All parameters of the electrospray MS system were optimized and selected based on generation of protonated molecular ions ([M+H]⁺) of the analytes of interest and production of characteristic fragment ions. The following instrumental parameters were used for ESI-MS detection of CoA and organic acid-CoA thioesters in the positive ion mode; Extractor: 1 V; RF lens: 0 V; Source temperature: 100° C.; Desolvation temperature: 300° C.; Desolvation gas: 500 L/hour; Cone gas: 40 L/hour; Low mass resolution: 13.0; High mass resolution: 14.5; Ion energy: 0.5; Multiplier: 650. Uncertainties for mass charge ratios (m/z) and molecular masses are ±0.01%.

[0246] The enzyme assay mix from strains expressing the OS17 polypeptide exhibited peaks for propionyl CoA, acrylyl CoA, and 3-HP CoA with the propionyl CoA peak being the dominant peak. These peaks where missing in the enzyme assay mix obtained from the control strain, which carried vector pET11a without an insert. These results indicate that the OS17 polypeptide has CoA synthetase activity, CoA hydratase activity, and dehydrogenase activity.

[0247] Genome walking also was performed to obtain the complete coding sequence of OS19. Briefly, primers for conducting genome walking in both upstream and downstream directions were designed using the portion of the 151 bp CRF2-CRR2 fragment sequence that was internal to the CRF2 and CRR2 degenerate primers (OS19F1 5′-GGCTGATATCAAAGCGATGGCCAATGC-3′, SEQ ID NO:98; OS19F2 5′-CCACGCCTATTGATATGCTCACCAGTG-3′, SEQ ID NO:99; OS19F3 5′-GCAAACCGGTGATTGCTGCCGTGAATGG-3′, SEQ ID NO:100; OS19R1 5′-GCATTGGCCATCGCTTTGATATCAGCC-3′, SEQ ID NO:101; OS19R2 5′-CACTGGTGAGCATATCAATAGGCGTGG-3′, SEQ ID NO:102; and OS19R3 5′-CCATTCACGGCAGCAAOTCACCGGTTTGC-3′, SEQ ID NO:103). The OS19F1, OS19F2, and OS19F3 primers face downstream, while the OS19R1, OS19R2, and OS19R3 primers face upstream.

[0248] An amplification product of about 0.25 kb was obtained with the Fsp I library using the OS19R1 primer, while an amplification product of about 0.65 kb was obtained with the Pvu II library using the OS19R1 primer. In addition, an amplification product of about 0.4 kb was obtained with the Pvu II library using the OS19F3 primer. The PCR products were cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed that the sequences derived from genome walling overlapped with the CRF2-CRR2 fragment and shared sequence similarity with crotonase and hydratase sequences. The obtained sequences accounted for most of the coding sequence including the start codon.

[0249] A second genome walk was performed to obtain additional sequence using two primers (OS19F7 5′-TCATCATCGCCAGTGAAAACGCGCAGTTCG-3′, SEQ ID NO:104 and OS19F8 5′-GGATCGCGCAAACCATTGCCACCAAATCAC-3′, SEQ ID NO:105). The OS19F7 and OS19F8 primers face downstream.

[0250] An amplification product (about 0.7 kb) obtained from the Pvu II library was cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed that the sequence derived from the second genome walk overlapped with the sequence obtained from the first genome walk and contained the stop codon. The full-length OS19 clone was found to share sequence similarity with other sequences such as crotonase and enoyl-CoA hydratase sequences (FIGS. 32-33).

[0251] The OS19 clone was found to encode a polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity also referred to as acrylyl-CoA hydratase activity. The nucleic acid encoding the OS19 dehydratase from C. aurantiacus was PCR amplified from chromosomal DNA using the following conditions: 94° C. for 3 minutes; 25 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds to denature, 56° C. for 30 seconds to anneal, and 68° C. for 1 minute for extension; and 68° C. for 5 minutes for final extension. Two primers were used (OSACH3 5′-ATGAGTGAAGAGTCTCTGGTTCTCAGC-3′, SEQ ID NO: 106 and OSACH2 5′-AGATCGCAATCGCTCGTGTATGTC-3′, SEQ ID NO:107).

[0252] The resulting PCR product (about 1.2 kb) was separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and purified using Qiagen PCR purification kit (Qiagen Inc.; Valencia, Calif.). The purified product was ligated into pETBlue-1 using the Perfectly Blunt cloning Kit (Novagen; Madison, Wis.). The ligation reaction was transformed into NovaBlue chemically competent cells (Novagen, Madison, Wis.) that then were spread on LB agar plates supplemented with 50 μg/mL carbenicillin, 40 μg/mL IPTG, and 40 μg/mL X-Gal. White colonies were isolated and screened for the presence of inserts by restriction mapping. Isolates with the correct restriction pattern were sequenced from each end using the primer pETBlueUP and pETBlueDOWN (Novagen) to confirm the sequence at the ligation points.

[0253] The plasmid containing the OS19 dehydratase-encoding sequence was transformed into Tuner (DE3) pLacI chemically competent cells (Novagen, Madison, Wis.), and expression from the construct tested. Briefly, a culture was grown overnight to saturation and diluted 1:20 the following morning in fresh LB medium with the appropriate antibiotics. Thb culture was grown at 37° C. and 250 rpm to an OD₆₀₀ of about 0.6. At this point, the culture was induced with IPTG at a final concentration of 1 mM. The culture was incubated for an additional two hours at 37° C. and 250 rpm. Aliquots were taken pre-induction and 2 hours post-induction for SDS-PAGE analysis. A band of the expected molecular weight (27,336 Daltons predicted from the sequence) was observed. This band was not observed in cells containing a plasmid lacking the nucleic acid encoding the hydratase.

[0254] Cell free extracts were prepared by growing cells as described above. The cells were harvested by centrifugation and disrupted by sonication. The sonicated cell suspension was centrifuged to remove cell debris, and the supernatant was used in the assays. The ability of the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase to perform the following three reactions was measured using MALDI-TOF MS:

[0255] 1) acrylyl-CoA→3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA

[0256] 2) 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA→acrylyl-CoA

[0257] 3) crotonyl-CoA→3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA

[0258] The assay mixture contained 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1 mM CoA ester, and about 1 μg cell free extract. Reactions were allowed to proceed at room temperature and were stopped by adding 1 volume 10% trifluroacetic acid (TFA). The reaction mixtures were purified prior to MALDI-TOF MS analysis using Sep Pak Vac C₁₈ 50 mg columns (Waters, Inc.). The columns were conditioned with 1 mL methanol and then equilibrated with two washes of 1 mL 0.1% TFA. The sample was applied to the column, and the flow through was discarded. The column was washed twice with 1 mL 0.1% TFA. The sample was eluted in 200 μL 40% acetonitrile, 0.1% TFA. The acetonitrile was removed by centrifugation in vacuo. Samples were prepared for MALDI-TOF MS analysis by mixing 1:1 with 110 mM sinapinic acid in 0.1% TFA, 67% acetonitrile. The samples were allowed to air dry.

[0259] The conversion of acrylyl-CoA into 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA catalyzed by the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase was detected using the MALDI-TOF MS technique. In reaction #1, the control sample exhibited a dominant peak at a molecular weight corresponding to acrylyl-CoA (MW 823). The reaction #1 sample containing the cell extract from cells transfected with the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase-encoding plasmid exhibited a dominant peak corresponding to 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA (MW 841). This result demonstrates that the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity catalyzes reaction #1.

[0260] To detect the conversion of 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA into acrylyl-CoA, reaction #2 was carried out in 80% D₂O. The reaction #2 sample containing the cell extract from cells transfected with the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase-encoding plasmid revealed incorporation of deuterium in the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA molecule. This result indicates that the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase enzyme catalyzes reaction #2. In addition, the results from both #1 and #2 reactions indicate that the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase enzyme can catalyze the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA ←→acrylyl-CoA reaction in both directions. It is noted that for both the #1 and #2 reactions, a peak was observed at MW 811, due to leftover acetyl-CoA from the synthesis of 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA from 3-hydroxypropionate and acetyl-CoA.

[0261] The assays assessing conversion of crotonyl-CoA into 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA also were carried out in 80% D₂O. In reaction #3, the control sample exhibited a dominant peak at a molecular weight corresponding to crotonyl-CoA (MW 837). This result indicated that the crotonyl-CoA was not converted into other products. The reaction #3 sample containing the cell extract from cells transfected with the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase-encoding plasmid exhibited a diffuse group of peaks corresponding to deuterated 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA (MW 855 to MW 857). This result demonstrates that the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity catalyzes reaction #3.

[0262] A series of control reactions were performed to confirm the specificity of the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase. Lactyl-CoA (1 mM) was added to the reaction mixture containing 100 mM Tris (pH 7.0) both in the presence and the absence of the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase. In both cases, the dominant peak observed had a molecular weight corresponding to lactyl-CoA (MW 841). This result indicates that lactyl-CoA is not affected by the presence of 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity even in the presence of D₂O meaning that the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase enzyme does not attach a hydroxyl group at the alpha carbon position. The presence of 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA in an 80% D₂O reaction mixture resulted in a shift upon addition of the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity. In the absence of 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity, a peak corresponding to 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA was observed in addition to a peak of MW 811. The MW 811 peak was due to leftover acetyl-CoA from the synthesis of 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA. In the presence of 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity, a peak corresponding to deuterated 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA was observed (MW 842) due to exchange of a hydroxyl group during the conversion of 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA to acrylyl-CoA and visa-versa. These control reactions demonstrate that the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase enzyme is active on 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA and not active on lactyl-CoA. In addition, these results demonstrate that the product of the acrylyl-CoA reaction is 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA not lactyl-CoA.

Example 4 Construction of Operon #1

[0263] The following operon was constructed and can be used to produce 3-HP in E. coli (FIG. 34). Briefly, the operon was cloned into a pET-11a expression vector under the control of a T7 promoter Novagen, Madison, Wis.). The pET-11a expression vector is a 5677 bp plasmid that uses the ATG sequence of an NdeI restriction site as a start codon for inserted downstream sequences.

[0264] Nucleic acid molecules encoding a CoA transferase and a lactyl-CoA dehydratase were amplified from Megasphaera elsdenii genomic DNA by PCR. Two primers were used to amplify the CoA transferase-encoding sequence (OSNBpctF 5′-GGGAATTCCATATGAGAAAAGTAGAAATCATTACAGCTG-3′, SEQ ID NO: 108 and OSCTE-2 5′-GAGAGTATACACAGTTCACCTCCTTTACAGCAGAGAT-3′, SEQ ID NO:109), and two primers were used to amplify the lactyl-CoA dehydratase-encoding sequence (OSCTE-1 5′-ATCTCTGCTGTAAAGGAGGTGAAAACTGTGTATACTCTC-3′, SEQ ID NO:110 and OSEBH-2 5′-ACGTTGATCTCCTTGTACATTAGAGGATTTCCGAGAAAGC-3′, SEQ ID NO:111). A nucleic acid molecule encoding a 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase was amplified from Chloroflexus aurantiacus genomic DNA of by PCR using two primers (OSEBH-1 5′-GCTTTCTCGGAAATCCTCTAATGTACAAGGAGATCAACGT-3′, SEQ ID NO:112 and OSHBR 5′-CGACGGATCCTCAACGACCACTGAAGTTGG-3′, SEQ ID NO:113).

[0265] PCR was conducted in a Perkin Elmer 2400 Thermocycler using 100 ng of genomic DNA and a mix of rTth polymerase (Applied Biosystems; Foster City, Calif.) and Pfu Turbo polymerase (Stratagene; La Jolla, Calif.) in 8:1 ratio. The polymerase mix ensured higher fidelity of the PCR reaction. The following PCR conditions were used: initial denaturation step of 94° C. for 2 minutes; 20 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 54° C. for 30 seconds, and 68° C. for 2 minutes; and a final extension at 68° C. for 5 minutes. The obtained PCR products were gel purified using a Qiagen Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Inc.; Valencia, Calif.).

[0266] The CoA transferase, lactyl-CoA dehydratase (E1, E2 α subunit, and E2 β subunit), and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase PCR products were assembled using PCR. The OSCTE-1 and OSCTE-2 primers as well as the OSEBH-1 and OSEBH-2 primers were complementary to each other. Thus, the complementary DNA ends could anneal to each other during the PCR reaction extending the DNA in both direction. To ensure the efficiency of the assembly, two end primers (OSNBpctF and OSHBR) were added to the assembly PCR mixture, which contained 100 ng of each PCR product (i.e., the PCR products from the CoA-transferase, lactyl-CoA dehydratase, and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase reactions) as well as the rTth polymerase/Pfu Turbo polymerase mix described above. The following PCR conditions were used to assemble the products: 94° C. for 1 minute; 25 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds, and 68° C. for 6 minutes; and a final extension at 68° C. for 7 minutes. The assembled PCR product was gel purified and digested with restriction enzymes (NdeI and BamHI). The sites for these restriction enzymes were introduced into the assembled PCR product using the OSNBpctF (NdeI) and OSHBR (BamHI) primers. The digested PCR product was heated at 80° C. for 30 minutes to inactive the restriction enzymes and used directly for ligation into pET-11a vector.

[0267] The pET-11a vector was digested with NdeI and BamHI restriction enzymes, gel purified using a Qiagen Gel Extraction kit, treated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals; Indianapolis, Ind.) and used in a ligation reaction with the assembled PCR product. The ligation was performed at 16° C. overnight using T4 ligase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals; Indianapolis, Ind.). The resulting ligation reaction was transformed into NovaBlue chemically competent cells (Novagen; Madison, Wis.) using a heat-shock method. Once heat shocked, the cells were plated on LB plates supplemented with 50 μg/mL carbenicillin. The plasmid DNA was purified from individual colonies using a QiaPrep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, Calif.) and analyzed by digestion with NdeI and BamHI restriction enzymes.

Example 5 Construction of Operon #2

[0268] The following operon was constructed and can be used to produce 3-HP in E. coli (FIGS. 35A and B). Nucleic acid molecules encoding a CoA transferase and a lactyl-CoA dehydratase were amplified from Megasphaera elsdenii genomic DNA by PCR. Two primers were used to amplify the CoA transferase-encoding sequence (OSNBpctF and OSCTE-2), and two primers were used to amplify the lactyl-CoA dehydratase-encoding sequence (OSCTE-1 and OSNBe1R 5′-CGACGGATCCTTAGAGGATTTCCGAGAAAGC-3′, SEQ ID NO:114). A nucleic acid molecule encoding a 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase was amplified from Chloroflexus aurantiacus genomic DNA of by PCR using two primers (OSXNhF 5′-GGTGTCTAGAGACAGTCCTGTCGTTTATGTAGAAGGAG-3′, SEQ ID NO:115 and OSXNhR 5′-GGGAATTCCATATGCGTAACTTCCTCCTGCTATCAACGACCACTGAAGTTGG-3′, SEQ ID NO:116).

[0269] PCR was conducted in a Perkin Elmer 2400 Thermocycler using 100 ng of genomic DNA and a mix of rTth polymerase (Applied Biosystems; Foster City, Calif.) and Pfu Turbo polymerase (Stratagene; La Jolla, Calif.) in 8:1 ratio. The polymerase mix ensured higher fidelity of the PCR reaction. The following PCR conditions were used: initial denaturation step of 94° C. for 2 minutes; 20 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 54° C. for 30 seconds, and 68° C. for 2 minutes; and a final extension at 68° C. for 5 minutes. The obtained PCR products were gel purified using a Qiagen Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Inc.; Valencia, Calif.).

[0270] The CoA transferase and lactyl-CoA dehydratase (E1, E2 α subunit, and E2 β subunit) PCR products were assembled using PCR. The OSCTE-1 and OSCTE-2 primers were complementary to each other. Thus, the 22 nucleotides at the end of the CoA transferase sequence and the 22 nucleotides at the beginning of the lactyl-CoA dehydratase could anneal to each other during the PCR reaction extending the DNA in both direction. To ensure the efficiency of the assembly, two end primers (OSNBpctF and OSNBe1R) were added to the assembly PCR mixture, which contained 100 ng of the CoA transferase PCR product, 100 ng of lactyl-CoA dehydratase PCR product, and the rTth polymerase/Pfu Turbo polymerase mix described above. The following PCR conditions were used to assemble the products: 94° C. for 1 minute; 20 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 54° C. for 30 seconds, and 68° C. for 5 minutes; and a final extension at 68° C. for 6 minutes.

[0271] The assembled PCR product was gel purified and digested with restriction enzymes (NdeI and BamHI). The sites for these restriction enzymes were introduced into the assembled PCR product using the OSNBpctF (NdeI) and OSNBe1R (BamHI) primers. The digested PCR product was heated at 80° C. for 30 minutes to inactive the restriction enzymes and used directly for ligation into a pET-11a vector.

[0272] The pET-11a vector was digested with NdeI and BamHI restriction enzymes, gel purified using a Qiagen Gel Extraction kit, treated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals; Indianapolis, Ind.) and used in a ligation reaction with the assembled PCR product. The ligation was performed at 16° C. overnight using T4 ligase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals; Indianapolis, Ind.). The resulting ligation reaction was transformed into NovaBlue chemically competent cells (Novagen; Madison, Wis.) using a heat-shock method. Once heat shocked, the cells were plated on LB plates supplemented with 50 μg/mL carbenicillin. The plasmid DNA was purified from individual colonies using a QiaPrep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, Calif.) and analyzed by digestion with NdeI and BamHI restriction enzymes. The digest revealed that the DNA fragment containing CoA transferase-encoding and lactyl-CoA dehydratase-encoding sequences was cloned into the pET-11a vector.

[0273] The plasmid carrying the CoA transferase-encoding and lactyl-CoA dehydratase encoding sequences (pTD) was digested with XbaI and NdeI restriction enzymes, gel purified, and used for cloning the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase-encoding product upstream of the CoA transferase-encoding sequence. Since this XbaI and NdeI digest eliminated a ribosome-binding site (RBS) from the pET-11a vector, a new homologous RBS was cloned into the plasmid together with the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase-encoding product. Briefly, the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase-encoding PCR product was digested with Xbal and NdeI restriction enzymes, heated at 65° C. for 30 minutes to inactivate the restriction enzymes, and ligated into pTD. The ligation mixture was transformed into chemically competent NovaBlue cells (Novagen) that then were plated on LB plates supplemented with 50 μg/mL carbenicillin.

[0274] Individual colonies were selected, and the plasmid DNA obtained using a Qiagen Spin Miniprep Kit. The obtained plasmids were digested with XbaI and NdeI restriction enzymes and analyzed by gel electrophoresis. pTD plasmids containing the inserted 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase-encoding PCR product were named pHTD. While expression of the lactyl-CoA hydratase, CoA transferase, and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase sequences from pHTD was directed by a single T7 promoter, each coding sequence had an individual RBS upstream of their start codon.

[0275] To ensure the correct assembly and cloning of the lactyl-CoA hydratase, CoA transferase, and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase sequences into one operon, both ends of the operon and all junctions between the coding sequences were sequenced. This DNA analysis revealed that the operon was assembled correctly.

[0276] The pHTD plasmid was transformed into BL21(DE3) cells to study the expression of the encoded sequences.

Example 6 Construction of Operons #3 and #4

[0277] Operon #3 (FIGS. 36A and B) and operon #4 (FIGS. 37A and B) each position the E1 activator at the end of the operon. Operon #3 contains a RBS between the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase-encoding sequence and the E1 activator-encoding sequence. In operon #4, however, the stop codon of the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase-encoding sequence is fused with the start codon of the E1 activator-encoding sequence as follows: TAGTG. The absence of the RBS in operon #4 can decrease the level of E1 activator expression.

[0278] To construct operon #3, nucleic acid molecules encoding a CoA transferase and a lactyl-CoA dehydratase were amplified from Megasphaera elsdenii genomic DNA by PCR. Two primers were used to amplify the CoA transferase-encoding sequence (OSNBpctF and OSHTR 5′-ACGTTGATCTCCTTCTACATTATTTTTCAGTCCCATG-3′, SEQ ID NO:117), two primers were used to amplify the E2 α and β subunits of the lactyl-CoA dehydratase-encoding sequence (OSEIIXNF 5′-GGTGTCTAGAGTCAAAGGAGAGAACAAAATCATGAGTG-3′, SEQ ID NO:118 and OSEIIXNR 5′-GGGAATTCCATATGCGTAACTTCCTCCTGCTATTAGAGGATTTCCGAGAAAGC-3′, SEQ ID NO:119), and two primers were used to amplify the E1 activator of the lactyl-CoA dehydratase-encoding sequence (OSHrEIF 5′-TCAGTGGTCGTTGATCACGCTATAAAGAAAGGTGAAAACTGTGTATACTCTC-3′, SEQ ID NO:120 and OSEIBR 5′-CGACGGATCCCTTCCTTGGAGCTCATGCTTTC-3′, SEQ ID NO:121). A nucleic acid molecule encoding a 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase was amplified from Chloroflexus aurantiacus genomic DNA of by PCR using two primers (OSTHF 5′-CATGGGACTGAAAAAATAATGTAGAAGGAGATCAACGT-3′, SEQ ID NO:122 and OSEIrHR 5′-GAGAGTATACACAGITTTCACCTTTCTITATAGCGTGATCAACGACCACTGA-3′, SEQ ID NO:123).

[0279] PCR was conducted in a Perkin Elmer 2400 Thermocycler using 100 ng of genomic DNA and a mix of rTth polymerase (Applied Biosystems; Foster City, Calif.) and Pfu Turbo polymerase (Stratagene; La Jolla, Calif.) in 8:1 ratio. The polymerase mix ensured higher fidelity of the PCR reaction. The following PCR conditions were used: initial denaturation step of 94° C. for 2 minutes; 20 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 54° C. for 30 seconds, and 68° C. for 2 minutes; and a final extension at 68° C. for 5 minutes. The obtained PCR products were gel purified using a Qiagen Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Inc.; Valencia, Calif.).

[0280] The 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase and E1 activator PCR products were assembled using PCR The OSHrElF and OSEIrHR primers were complementary to each other. Thus, the primers could anneal to each other during the PCR reaction extending the DNA in both direction. To ensure the efficiency of the assembly, two end primers (OSTEF and OSE1BR) were added to the assembly PCR mixture, which contained 100 ng of the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase PCR product, 100 ng of E1 activator PCR product, and the rTth polymerase/Pfu Turbo polymerase mix described above. The following PCR conditions were used to assemble the products: 94° C. for 1 minute; 20 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 54° C. for 30 seconds, and 68° C. for 1.5 minutes; and a final extension at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

[0281] The assembled PCR product was gel purified and used in a second assembly PCR with gel purified the CoA transferase PCR product. The OSTBF and OSHTR primers were complementary to each other. Thus, the complementary DNA ends could anneal to each other during the PCR reaction extending the DNA in both direction. To ensure the efficiency of the assembly, two end primers (OSNBpctF and OSEIBR) were added to the second assembly PCR mixture, which contained 100 ng of the purified 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase/EI PCR assembly, 100 ng of the purified CoA transferase PCR product, and the polymerase mix described above. The following PCR conditions were used to assemble the products: 94° C. for 1 minute; 20 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 54° C. for 30 seconds, and 68° C. for 3 minutes; and a final extension at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

[0282] The assembled PCR product was gel purified and digested with NdeI and BamHI restriction enzymes. The sites for these restriction enzymes were introduced into the assembled PCR products with the OSNBpctF (NdeI) and OSEIBR (BamHI) primers. The digested PCR product was heated at 80° C. for 30 minutes to inactive the restriction enzymes and used directly for ligation into a pET11a vector.

[0283] The pET-11a vector was digested with NdeI and BamHI restriction enzymes, gel purified using a Qiagen Gel Extraction kit, treated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals; Indianapolis, Ind.) and used in a ligation reaction with the assembled PCR product. The ligation was performed at 16° C. overnight using T4 ligase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals; Indianapolis, Ind.). The resulting ligation reaction was transformed into NovaBlue chemically competent cells (Novagen; Madison, Wis.) using a heat-shock method. Once heat shocked, the cells were plated on LB plates supplemented with 50 μg/mL carbenicillin. The plasmid DNA was purified from individual colonies using a QiaPrep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen Inc.; Valencia, Calif.). The resulting plasmids carrying the CoA transferase, 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase, and EI activator sequences (pTHrEI) were digested with XbaI and NdeI, purified using gel electrophoresis and a Qiagen Gel Extraction kit, and used as a vector for cloning of the E2 α subunit/E2β subunit PCR product.

[0284] The E2 α subunit/E2 β subunit PCR product was digested with the same enzymes and ligated into the pTHrEI vector. The ligation reaction was performed at 16° C. overnight using T4 ligase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals; Indianapolis, Ind.). The ligation mixture was transformed into chemically competent NovaBlue cells (Novagen) that then were plated on LB plates supplemented with 50 μg/mL carbenicillin. The plasmid DNA was purified from individual colonies using a QiaPrep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, Calif.) and digested with XbaI and NdeI restriction enzymes for gel electrophoresis analysis. The resulting plasmids carrying the constructed operon #3 (pEIITHrEI) were transformed into BL21(DE3) cells to study the expression of the cloned sequences. Electrospray mass spectrometry assay confirmed that extracts from these cells have CoA transferase activity and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity. Similar assays are used to confirm that extracts from these cells also have lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity.

[0285] To construct operon #4, nucleic acid molecules encoding a CoA transferase and a lactyl-CoA dehydratase were amplified from Megasphaera elsdenii genomic DNA by PCR Two primers were used to amplify the CoA transferase-encoding sequence (OSNBpctF and OSHTR), two primers were used to amplify the E2 α and β subunits of the lactyl-CoA dehydratase-encoding sequence (OSEIIF and OSEIIXNR), and two primers were used to amplify the E1 activator of the lactyl-CoA dehydratase-encoding sequence (OSHEIF 5′-CCAACTTCAGTGGTCGTTAGTGAAAACTGTGTATACTCTC-3′, SEQ ID NO:124 and OSEIBR). A nucleic acid molecule encoding a 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase was amplified from Chloroflexus aurantiacus genomic DNA of by PCR using two primers (OSTHF and OSEIHR 5′-GAGAGTATACACAGTTTTCACTAACGACCACTGAAGTTGG-3′, SEQ ID NO:125).

[0286] PCR was conducted in a Perkin Elmer 2400 Thermocycler using 100 ng of genomic DNA and a mix of rTth polymerase (Applied Biosystems; Foster City, Calif.) and Pfu Turbo polymerase (Stratagene; La Jolla, Calif.) in 8:1 ratio. The polymerase mix ensured higher fidelity of the PCR reaction. The following PCR conditions were used: initial denaturation step of 94° C. for 2 minutes; 20 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 54° C. for 30 seconds, and 68° C. for 2 minutes; and a fmal extension at 68° C. for 5 minutes. The obtained PCR products were gel purified using a Qiagen Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Inc.; Valencia, Calif.).

[0287] The 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase and E1 activator PCR products were assembled using PCR. The OSHEIF and OSEIHR primers were complementary to each other. Thus, the primers could anneal to each other during the PCR reaction extending the DNA in both direction. To ensure the efficiency of the assembly, two end primers (OSTHF and OSt1BR) were added to the assembly PCR mixture, which contained 100 ng of the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase PCR product, 100 ng of E1 activator PCR product, and the rTth polymerase/Pfu Turbo polymerase mix described above. The following PCR conditions were used to assemble the products: 94° C. for 1 minute; 20 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 54° C. for 30 seconds, and 68° C. for 1.5 minutes; and a final extension at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

[0288] The assembled PCR product was gel purified and used in a second assembly PCR with gel purified the CoA transferase PCR product. The OSTHF and OSHTR primers were complementary to each other. Thus, the complementary DNA ends could anneal to each other during the PCR reaction extending the DNA in both direction. To ensure the efficiency of the assembly, two end primers (OSNBpctF and OSEIBR) were added to the second assembly PCR mixture, which contained 100 ng of the purified 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase/EI PCR assembly, 100 ng of the purified CoA transferase PCR product, and the polymerase mix described above. The following PCR conditions were used to assemble the products: 94° C. for 1 minute; 20 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 54° C. for 30 seconds, and 68° C. for 3 minutes; and a final extension at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

[0289] The assembled PCR product was gel purified and digested with NdeI and BamHI restriction enzymes. The sites for these restriction enzymes were introduced into the assembled PCR products with the OSNBpctF (NdeI) and OSEIBR (BamHI) primers. The digested PCR product was heated at 80° C. for 30 minutes to inactive the restriction enzymes and used directly for ligation into a pET11a vector.

[0290] The pET-11a vector was digested with NdeI and BamHI restriction enzymes, gel purified using a Qiagen Gel Extraction kit, treated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals; Indianapolis, Ind.) and used in a ligation reaction with the assembled PCR product. The ligation was performed at 16° C. overnight using T4 ligase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals; Indianapolis, Ind.). The resulting ligation reaction was transformed into NovaBlue chemically competent-cells (Novagen; Madison, Wis.) using a heat-shock method. Once shocked, the cells were plated on LB plates supplemented with 50 μg/mL carbenicillin. The plasmid DNA was purified from individual colonies using a QiaPrep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, Calif.). The resulting plasmids carrying the CoA transferase, 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase, and EI activator sequences (PTHE1) were digested with XbaI and NdeI, purified using gel electrophoresis and a Qiagen Gel Extraction kit, and used as a vector for cloning of the E2 α subunit/E2 β subunit PCR product.

[0291] The E2 α subunit/E2 β subunit PCR product was digested with the same enzymes and ligated into the pTHE1 vector. The ligation reaction was performed at 16° C. overnight using T4 ligase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Indianapolis, Ind.). The ligation mixture was transformed into chemically competent NovaBlue cells (Novagen) that then were plated on LB plates supplemented with 50 μg/mL carbenicillin. The plasmid DNA was purified from individual colonies using a QiaPrep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, Calif.) and digested with XbaI and NdeI restriction enzymes for gel electrophoresis analysis. The resulting plasmids carrying the constructed operon #4 (pEIITHEI) were transformed into BL21 (DE3) cells to study the expression of the cloned sequences. Electrospray mass spectrometry assays confirmed that extracts from these cells have CoA transferase activity and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity. Similar assays are used to confirm that extracts from these cells also have lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity.

[0292]E. coli plasmid pEIITHrEI carrying a synthetic 3-HP operon was digested with NruI, XbaI and BamHI restriction enzymes, XbaI-BamHI DNA fragment was gel purified with Quagen Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia Calif.) and used for further cloning into Bacillu vector pWH1520 (MoBiTec BmBH, Gottingen, Germany). Vector pWH1520 was digested with SpeI and BamHI restriction enzymes and gel purified with Qiagen Gel Extraction Kit. The XbaI-BamHI fragment carrying 3-HP operon was ligated into WH 520 vector at 16° C. overnight using T4 ligase. The ligation mixture was transformed into chemically competent TOP 10 cells and plated on LB plates supplemented with 50 μg/ml carbenicillin. One clone named B. megaterium (pBPO26) was used for assays of CoA-transferase and CoA-hydratase activities. The assays were performed as described above for E. Coli. The enzymatic activity was 5 U/mg and 13 U/mg respectively.

Examile 7 Construction of a Two Plasmid System

[0293] The following constructs were constructed and can be used to produce 3-HP in E. coli (FIGS. 38A and B). Nucleic acid molecules encoding a CoA transferase and a lactyl-CoA dehydratase were amplified from Megasphaera elsdenii genomic DNA by PCR. Two primers were used to amplify the CoA transferase-encoding sequence (OSNBpctF and OSHTR), two primers were used to amplify the E2 α and β subunits of the lactyl-CoA dehydratase-encoding sequence (OSEIIXNF and OSEIIXNR), and two primers were used to amplify the E1 activator of the lactyl-CoA dehydratase-encoding sequence (ELPROF 5′-GTCGCAGAATTCCCATCAATCGCAGCAATCCCAAC-3′, SEQ ID NO:126 and ElPROR 5′-TAACATGGTACCGACAGAAGCGGACCAGCA-AACGA-3′, SEQ ID NO:127). A nucleic acid molecule encoding a 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase was amplified from Chloroflexus aurantiacus genomic DNA of by PCR using two primers (OSTHF and OSHBR 5′-CGACGGATCCTCAACGACCACTGAAGTTGG-3′, SEQ ID NO:128).

[0294] PCR was conducted in a Perkin Elmer 2400 Thermocycler using 100 ng of genomic DNA and a mix of rTth polymerase (Applied Biosystems; Foster City, Calif.) and Pfu Turbo polymerase (Stratagene; La Jolla, Calif.) in 8:1 ratio. The polymerase mix ensured higher fidelity of the PCR reaction. The following PCR conditions were used: initial denaturation step of 94° C. for 2 minutes; 20 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 54° C. for 30 seconds, and 68° C. for 2 minutes; and a final extension at 68° C. for 5 minutes. The obtained PCR products were gel purified using a Qiagen Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Inc.; Valencia, Calif.).

[0295] The CoA transferase PCR product and the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase PCR product were assembled using PCR. The OSTHF and OSHTR primers were complementary to each other. Thus, the complementary DNA ends could anneal to each other during the PCR reaction extending the DNA in both direction. To ensure the efficiency of the assembly, two end primers (OSNBpctF and OSHBR) were added to the assembly PCR mixture, which contained 100 ng of the purified CoA transferase PCR product, 100 ng of the purified 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase PCR product, and the polymerase mix described above. The following PeR conditions were used to assemble the products: 94° C. for 1 minute; 20 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 54° C. for 30 seconds, and 68° C. for 2.5 minutes; and a final extension at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

[0296] The assembled PCR product was gel purified and digested with NdeI and BamHI restriction enzymes. The sites for these restriction enzymes were introduced into the assembled PCR products with the OSNBpctF (NdeI) and OSHBR (BamHI) primers. The digested PCR product was heated at 80° C. for 30 minutes to inactive the restriction enzymes and used directly for ligation into a pET11a vector.

[0297] The pET-11a vector was digested with NdeI and BamHI restriction enzymes, gel purified using a Qiagen Gel Extraction kit, treated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals; Indianapolis, Ind.) and used in a ligation reaction with the assembled PCR product. The ligation was performed at 16° C. overnight using T4 ligase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals; Indianapolis, Ind.). The resulting ligation reaction was transformed into NovaBlue chemically competent cells (Novagen; Madison, Wis.) using a heat-shock method. Once shocked, the cells were plated on LB plates supplemented with 50 μg/mL carbenicillin. The plasmid DNA was purified from individual colonies using a QiaPrep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen Inc.; Valencia, Calif.) and digested with NdeI and BamHI restriction enzymes for gel electrophoresis analysis. The resulting plasmids carrying the CoA transferase and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase (pTH) were digested with Xbal and NdeI, purified using gel electrophoresis and a Qiagen Gel Extraction kit, and used as a vector for cloning of the E2 α subunit/E2 β subunit PCR product.

[0298] The E2 α subunit/E2 β subunit PCR product digested with the same enzymes was ligated into the pTH vector. The ligation reaction was performed at 16° C. overnight using T4 ligase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals; Indianapolis, Ind.). The ligation mixture was transformed into chemically competent NovaBlue cells (Novagen) that then were plated on LB plates supplemented with 50 μg/mL carbenicillin. The plasmid DNA was purified from individual colonies using a QiaPrep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen Inc.; Valencia, Calif.) and digested with XbaI and NdeI restriction enzymes for gel electrophoresis analysis. The resulting plasmids carrying the E2 α and β subunits of the lactyl-CoA dehydratase, the CoA transferase, and the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase (PEIITH) were transformed into BL21(DE3) cells to study the expression of the cloned sequences.

[0299] The gel purified E1 activator PCR product was digested with EcoRI and KpnI restriction enzymes, heated at 65° C. for 30 minutes, and ligated into a vector (pPROLar.A) that was digested with EcoRI and KpnI restriction enzymes, gel purified using Qiagen Gel EXtraction kit, and treated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals; Indianapolis, Ind.). The ligation was performed at 16° C. overnight using T4 ligase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals; Indianapolis, Ind.). The resulting ligation reaction was transformed into DH10B electro-competent cells (Gibco Life Technologies; Gaithersburg, Md.) using electroporation. Once electroporated, the cells were plated on LB plates supplemented with 25 μg/mL kanamycin. The plasmid DNA was purified from individual colonies using a QiaPrep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, Calif.) and digested with EcoMI and KpnI restriction enzymes for gel electrophoresis analysis. The resulting plasmids carrying the E1 activator (pPROEI) are transformed into BL21 (DE3) cells to study the expression of the cloned sequence.

[0300] The pPROEI and pEIITH plasmids are compatible plasmids that can be used in the same bacterial host cell. In addition, the expression from the pPROEI and pEIITH plasmids can be induced at different levels using IPTG and arabinose, allowing for the fine-tuning of the expression of the cloned sequences.

Example 8 Production of 3-HP

[0301] 3-HP was produced using recombinant E. coli in a small-scale batch fermentation reaction. The construction of strain ALS848 (also designated as TA3476 (J. Bacteriol., 143:1081-1085(1980))) that carried inducible T7 RNA polymerase was performed using λDE3 lysogenization kit (Novagen, Madison, Wis.) according to the manufacture's instructions. The constructed strain was designated ALS484(DE3). Strain ALS484(DE3) was transformed with pEIITHrEI plasmid using standard electroporation techniques. The transformants were selected on LB/carbenicillin (50 μg/mL) plates. A single colony was used to inoculate 4 mL culture in a 15 mL culture tube. Strain ALS484(DE3) strain carrying vector pET11a was used as a control. The cells were grown at 37° C. and 250 rpm in an Innova 4230 Incubator Shaker (New Brunswick Scientific, Edison, N.J.) for eight to nine hours. This culture (3 mL) was used to start an anaerobic fermentation. Two 100 mL anaerobic cultures of ALS(DE3)/pET11a and ALS(DE3)pEIITHrEI were grown in serum bottles using LB media supplemented with 0.4% glucose, 50 μg/ML carbenicillin, and 100 mM MOPS. The cultures were grown overnight at 37° C. without shaking. The overnight grown cultures were sub-cultured in serum bottles using fresh LB media supplemented with 0.4% glucose, 50 μg/mL carbenicillin, and 100 mM MOPS. The starting OD(600) of these cultures was adjusted to 0.3. These serum bottles were incubated at 37° C. without shaking. After one hour of incubation, the cultures were induced with 100 μM IPTG. A 3 mL sample was taken from each of the serum bottles at 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, and 24 hours. The samples were transferred into two properly labeled 2 mL microcentrifuge tubes, each containing 1.5 mL sample. The samples were spun down in a microcentrifuge centrifuge at 14000 g for 3 minutes. The supernatant was passed through a 0.45μ syringe filter, and the resulting filtrate was stored at −20° C. until further analysis. The formation of fermentation products, mainly lactate and 3-hydroxypropionate, was measured by detecting derivatized CoA esters of lactate and 3-HP using LC/MS.

[0302] The following methods were performed to convert lactate and 3-HP into their respective CoA esters. Briefly, the filtrates were mixed with CoA-reaction buffer (200 mM potassium phosphate buffer, 2 mM acetyl-CoA, and 0.1 mg/mL purified transferase) in 1:1 ratio. The reaction was allowed to proceed for 20 minutes at room temperature. The reaction was stopped by adding 1 volume of 10% TFA. The sample was purified using Sep Pak Vac columns (Waters). The column was conditioned with methanol and washed two times with 0.1% TFA. The sample was then applied to the column, and the column was washed two more times with 0.1% TFA. The sample was eluted with 40% acetonitrile, 0.1% TFA. The acetonitrile was removed from the sample by vacuum centrifugation. The samples were then analyzed by LC/MS.

[0303] Analysis of the standard CoA/CoA thioester mixtures and the CoA thioester mixtures derived from fermentation broths were carried out using a Waters/Micromass ZQ LC/MS instrument which had a Waters 2690 liquid chromatograph with a Waters 996 Photo-Diode Array (PDA) absorbance monitor placed in series between the chromatograph and the single quadrupole mass spectrometer. LC separations were made using a 4.6×150 mm YMC ODS-AQ (3 μm particles, 120 Å pores) reversed-phase chromatography column at room temperature. Two gradient elution systems were developed using different mobile phases for the separation of the CoA esters. These two systems are summarized in Table 3. Elution system 1 was developed to provide the most rapid and efficient separation of the five-component CoA/CoA thioester mixture (CoA, acetyl-CoA, lactyl-CoA, acrylyl-CoA, and propionyl-CoA), while elution system 2 was developed to provide baseline separation of the structurally isomeric esters lactyl-CoA and 3HP-CoA in addition to separation of the remaining esters listed above. In all cases, the flow rate was 0.250 mL/minute, and photodiode array UV absorbance was monitored from 200 nm to 400 nm. All parameters of the electrospray MS system were optimized and selected based on generation of protonated molecular ions ([M+H]⁺) of the analytes of interest and production of characteristic fragment ions. The following instrumental parameters were used for ESI-MS detection of CoA and organic acid-CoA thioesters in the positive ion mode: Capillary: 4.0 V; Cone: 56 V; Extractor: 1 V; RF lens: 0 V; Source temperature: 100° C.; Desolvation temperature: 300° C.; Desolvation gas: 500 L/hour; Cone gas: 40 L/hour; Low mass resolution: 13.0; High mass resolution: 14.5; Ion energy: 0.5; Multiplier: 650. Uncertainties for reported mass/charge ratios (m/z) and molecular masses are ±0.01%. Table 3 provides a summary of gradient elution systems for the separation of organic acid-Coenzyme A thioesters. TABLE 3 Gradient System Buffer A Buffer B Time Percent B 1 25 mM ammonium acetate ACN 0 10 0.5% acetic acid 0.5% acetic 40 40 acid 42 100 47 100 50 10 2 25 mM ammonium acetate ACN 0 10 10 mM TEA 0.5% acetic 10 10 0.5% acetic acid acid 45 60 50 100 53 100 54 10

[0304] The following methods were used to separate the derivatized 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA, which was formed from 3-HP, from 2-hydroxypropionyl-CoA (i.e., lactyl-CoA), which was formed from lactate. Because these structural isomers have identical masses and mass spectral fragmentation behavior, the seperation and identification of these analytes in a mixture depends on their chromatographic separation. While elution system 1 provided excellent separation of the CoA thioesters tested (FIG. 46), it was unable to resolve 3-HP-CoA and lactyl-CoA. An alternative LC elution system was developed using ammonium acetate and triethylamine (system 2; Table 3).

[0305] The ability of system 2 to seperate 3-HP-CoA and lactyl-CoA was tested on a mixture of these two compounds. Comparing the results from a mixture of 3-HP-CoA and lactyl-CoA (FIG. 47, Panel A) to the results from lactyl-CoA only (FIG. 47, Panel B)revealed that system 2 can seperate 3-HP-CoA and lactyl-CoA. The mass spectrum recorded under peak 1 (FIG. 47, Panel A insert)was used to identify peak 1 as being a hydroxypropionyl-CoA thioester when compared to FIG. 46, Panel C. In addition, comparison of Panels A and B of FIG. 47 as well as the mass spectra results corresponding to each peak revealed that peak 1 corresponds to 3-HP-CoA and peak 2 corresponds to lactyl-CoA.

[0306] System 2 was used to confirm that E. coli transfected with pEIITHrEI produced 3-HP in that 3-HP-CoA was detected. Specifically, an ion chromatogram for m/z=840 in the analysis of a CoA transferase-treated fermentation broth aliquot collected from a culture of E. coli containing pEIITHrEI revealed the presence of 3-HP-CoA (FIG. 48, Panel A). The CoA transferase-treated fermentation broth aliquot collected from a culture of E. coli lacking pEIITHrEI did not exhibit the peak corresponding to 3-HP-CoA (FIG. 48, Panel B). Thus, these results indicate that the pEIITHrEI plasmid directs the expression of polypeptides having propionyl-CoA transferase activity, lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity, and acrylyl-CoA hydratase activity. These results also indicate that expression of these polypeptides leads to the formation of 3-HP.

Example 9 Cloning Nucleic Acid Molecules that Encode a polypeptide having Acetyl CoA Carboxylase Activity

[0307] Polypeptides having acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity catalyze the first committed step of the fatty acid synthesis by carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. Polypeptides having acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity are also responsible for providing malonyl-CoA for the biosynthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids required for proper cell function. Polypeptides having acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity can be biotin dependent enzymes in which the cofactor biotin is post-translationally attached to a specific lysine residue. The reaction catalyzed by such polypeptides consists of two discrete half reactions. In the first half reaction, biotin is carboxylated by biocarbonate in an ATP-dependent reaction to form carboxybiotin. In the second half reaction, the carboxyl group is transferred to acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA.

[0308] Prokaryotic and eukaryotic polypeptides having acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity exist. The prokaryotic polypeptide is a multi-subunit enzyme (four subunits), where each of the subunits is encoded by a different nucleic acid sequence. For example, in E. coli, the following genes encode for the four subunits of acetyl-CoA carboxylase:

[0309] accA: Acetyl-coenzyme a carboxylase carboxyl transferase subunit alpha (GenBank® accession number M96394)

[0310] accB: Biotin carboxyl carrier protein (GenBank® accession number U18997)

[0311] accC: Biotin carboxylase (GenBank® accession number U18997)

[0312] accD:. Acetyl-coenzyme a carboxylase carboxyl transferase subunit beta (GenBank® accession number M68934)

[0313] The eukaryotic polypeptide is a high molecular weight multi-functional enzyme encoded by a single gene. For example, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the acetyl-CoA carboxylase can have the sequence set forth in GenBank® accession number M92156.

[0314] The prokaryotic type acetyl-CoA carboxylase from E. coli was overexpressed using T7 promoter vector pFN476 as described elsewhere (Davis et al. J. Biol. Chem., 275:28593-28598 (2000)). The eukaryotic type acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene was amplified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomic DNA. Two primers were designed to amplify the acc1 gene from in S. cerevisiae (acc1F 5′-atagGCGGCCGCAGGAATGCTGTATGAGCGAAGAAAGCTTATT C-3′, SEQ ID NO: 138 where the bold is homologous sequence, the italics is a Not I site, the underline is a RBS, and the lowercase is extra; and acc1R 5′-atgctcgcatCTCGAGTAGCTAAATTAAATTACATCAATAGTA-3′, SEQ ID NO: 139 where the bold is homologous sequence, the italics is a Xho I site, and the lowercase is extra). The following PCR mix is used to amplify acc1 gene 10× pfu buffer (10 μL), dNTP (10 mM; 2 μL), cDNA (2 μL), acc1F (100 μM; 1 μL), acc1R (100 μM; 1 μL), pfu enzyme (2.5 units/μL; 2 μL), and DI water (82 μL). The following protocol was used to amplify the acc1 gene. After performing PCR, the PCR product was separated on a gel, and the band corresponding to acc1 nucleic acid (about 6.7 Kb) was gel isolated using Qiagen gel isolation kit The PCR fragment is digested with Not I and Xho I (New England BioLab) restriction enzymes. The digested PCR fragment is then ligated to pET30a which was restricted with Not I and Xho I and dephosphorylated with SAP enzyme. The E. coli strain DH10B was transformed with 1 μL of the ligation mix, and the cells were recovered in 1 mL of SOC media The transformed cells were selected on LB/kanamycin (50 μg/μL) plates. Eight single colonies are selected, and PCR was used to screen for the correct insert. The plasmid having correct insert was isolated using Qiagen Spin Mini prep kit.

[0315] To obtain a polypeptide having acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity, the plasmid pMSD8 or pET30a/acc1 overexpressing E. coli or S. cerevisiae acetyl-CoA carboxylase was transformed into Tuner pLacI chemically competent cells (Novagen, Madison, Wis.). The transformed cells were selected on LB/chloramphenicol (25 μg/mL) plus cabencillin (50 μg/mL) or kanamycin (50 μg/mL).

[0316] A crude extract of this strain can be prepared in the following manner. An overnight culture of Tuner pLacI with pMSD8 is subcultured into 200 mL (in one liter baffle culture flask) of fresh M9 media supplemented with 0.4% glucose, 1 μg/mL thiamine, 0.1% casamino acids, and 50 μg/mL carbencillin or 50 μg/mL kanamycin and 25 μg/mL chloramphenicol. The culture is grown at 37° C. in a shaker with 250 rpm agitation until it reaches an optical density at 600 nm of about 0.6. IPTG is then added to a final concentration of 100 μM. The culture is then incubated for an additional 3 hours with shaking speed of 250 rpm at 37° C. Cells are harvested by centrifugation at 8000×g and are washed one time with 0.85% NaCl. The cell pellet was resuspended in a minimal volume of 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 5 mM MgCl₂, 100 mM KCl, 2 mM DTT, and 5% glycerol. The cells are lysed by passing them two times through a French Pressure cell at 1000 psig pressure. The cell debris was removed by centrifugation for 20 minutes at 30,000×g.

[0317] The enzyme can be assayed using a method from Davis et al. (J. Biol. Chem., 275:28593-28598 (2000)).

Example 10 Cloning a Nucleic Acid Molecule that Encodes a Polypeptide having Malonyl-CoA Reductase Activity from Chloroflexus auarantiacus

[0318] A polypeptide having malonyl-CoA reductase activity was partially purified from Chloroflexus auarantiacus and used to obtained amino acid micro-sequencing results. The amino acid sequencing results were used to identify and clone the nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide having malonyl-CoA reductase activity.

[0319] Biomass required for protein purification was grown in B. Braun BIOSTAT B fermenters (B. Braun Biotech International GmbH, Melsungen, Germany). A glass vessel fitted with a water jacket for heating was used to grow the required biomass. The glass vessel was connected to its own control unit. The liquid working volume was 4 L, and the fermenter was operated at 55° C. with 75 rpm of agitation. Carbon dioxide was occasionally bubbled through the headspace of the fermenter to maintain anaerobic conditions. The pH of the cultures was monitored using a standard pH probe and was maintained between 8.0 and 8.3. The inoculum for the fermenters was grown in two 250 mL bottles in an Innova 4230 Incubator, Shaker (New Brunswick Scientific, Edison, N.J.) at 55° C. with interior lights. The fermenters were illuminated by three 65 W plant light reflector lamps (General Electric, Cleveland, Ohio). Each lamp was placed approximately 50 cm away from the glass vessel. The media used for the inoculum and the fermenter culture was as follows per liter: 0.07 g EDTA, 1 mL micronutrient solution, 1 mL FeCl₃ solution, 0.06 g CaSO₄.2 H₂O, 0.1 g MgSO₄.7 H₂O, 0.008 g NaCl, 0.075 g KCl, 0.103 g KNO₃, 0.68 g NaNO₃, 0.111 g Na₂HPO₄, 0.2 g NH₄Cl, 1 g yeast extract, 2.5 g casamino acid, 0.5 g Glycyl-Glycine, and 900 mL DI water. The micronutrient solution contained the following per liter: 0.5 mL H₂SO₄ (conc.), 2.28 g MnSO₄.7 H₂O, 0.5 g ZnSO₄.7 H₂O, 0.5 g H₃BO₃, 0.025 g CuSO₄.2 H₂O, 0.025 g Na₂MoO₄.2 H₂O, and 0.045 h CoCl₂.6 H₂O The FeCl₃ solution contained 0.2905 g FeCl₃ per liter. After adjusting the pH of the media to 8.2 to 8.4, 0.75 g/L Na₂S.9H₂O was added, the pH was readjusted to 8.2 to 8.4, and the media was filter-sterilized through a 0.22μ filter.

[0320] The fermenter was inoculated with 500 mL of grown culture. The fermentation was stopped, and the biomass was harvested after the cell density was about 0.5 to 0.6 units at 600 nm.

[0321] The cells were harvested by centrifugation at 5000×g (Beckman JLA 8.1000 rotor) at 4° C., washed with 1 volume of ice cold 0.85% NaCl, and centrifuged again. The cell pellet was resuspended in 30 mL of ice cold 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.8) buffer that was supplemented with 2 mM DTT, 5 mM MgCl₂, 0.4 mM PEFABLOC (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Indianapolis, Ind.), 1% streptomycin sulfate, and 2 tablets of Complete EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Indianapolis, Ind.). The cell suspension was lysed by passing the suspension, three times, through a 50 mL French Pressure Cell operated at 1600 psi (gauge reading). Cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 30,000×g (Beckman JA 25.50 rotor). The crude extract was filtered prior to chromotography using a 0.2 μm HT Tuffryn membrane syringe filter (Pall Corp., Ann Arbor, Mich.). The protein concentration of the crude extract was 29 mg/mL, which was determined using the BioRad Protein Assay according to the manufacturer's microassay protocol. Bovine gamma globulin was used for the standard curve determination. This assay was based on the Bradford dye-binding procedure (Bradford, Anal. Biochem., 72:248 (1976)).

[0322] Before starting the protein purification, the following assay was used to determine the activity of malonyl-CoA reductase in the crude extract. A 50 μL aliquot of the cell extract (29 mg/mL) was added to 10 μL 1M Tris-HCl (final concentration in assay 100 mM), 10 μL 10 mM malonyl CoA (final concentration in assay 1 mM), 5.5 μL 5.5 mM NADPH (final concentration in assay 0.3 mM), and 24.5 μL DI water in a 96 well UV transparent plate (Corning, N.Y.). The enzyme activity was measured at 45° C. using SpectraMAX Plus 96 well plate reader (Molecular devices Sunnyvale, Calif.). The activity of malonyl-CoA reductase was monitored by measuring the disappearance of NADPH at 340 nm wavelength. The crude extract exhibited malonyl-CoA reductase activity.

[0323] The 5 mL (total 145 mg) protein cell extract was diluted with 20 mL buffer A (20 mM ethanolamine (pH 9.0), 5 mM MgCl₂, 2 mM DT). The chromatographic protein purification was conducted using a BioLogic protein purification system (BioRad Hercules, Calif.). The 25 mL of cell suspension was loaded onto a UNO Q-6 ion-exchange column that had been equilibrated with buffer A at a rate of 1 mL/minute. After sample loading, the column was washed with 2.5 times column volume of buffer A at a rate of 2 mL/minute. The proteins were eluted with a linear gradient of NaCl in buffer A from 0-0.33 M in 25 Column volume. During the entire chromatographic separation, three mL fractions were collected. The collection tubes contained 50 μL of Tris-HCl (pH 6.5) so that the pH of the eluted sample dropped to about pH 7. Major chromatographic peaks were detected in the region that corresponded to fractions 18 to 21 and 23 to 30. A 200 μL sample was taken from these fractions and concentrated in a microcentrifuge at 4° C. using a Microcon YM-10 columns (Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.) as per manufacture's instructions. To each of the concentrated fraction, buffer A-Tris (100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.8), 5 mM MgCl₂, 2 mM DMT) was added to bring the total volume to 100 μL. Each of these fractions was tested for the malonyl-CoA reductase activity using the spectophotometric assay described above. The majority of specific malonyl CoA activity was found in fractions 18 to 21. These fractions were pooled together, and the pooled sample was desalted using PD-10 column (Amersham Pharmacia Piscataway, N.J.) as per manufacture's instructions.

[0324] The 10.5 mL of desalted protein extract was diluted with buffer A-Tris to a volume of 25 mL. This desalted diluted sample was applied to a 1 mL HiTrap Blue column (Amersham Pharmacia Piscataway, N.J.) which was equilibrated with buffer A-Tris. The sample was loaded at a rate of 0.1 mL/minute. Unbound proteins were washed with 2.5 CV buffer A-Tris. The protein was eluted with 100 Mm Tris (pH 7.8), 5 mM MgCl₂, 2 mM DTT, 2 mM NADPH, and 1 M NaCl. During this separation process, one mL fractions were collected. A 200 μL sample was drawn from fractions 49 to 54 and concentrated. Buffer A-Tris was added to each of the concentrated fractions to bring the total volume to 100 μL. Fractions were assayed for enzyme activity as described above. The highest specific activity was observed in fraction 51. The entire fraction 51 was concentrated as described above, and the concentrated sample was separated on an SDS-PAGE gel.

[0325] Electrophoresis was carried out using a Bio-Rad Protean II minigel system and pre-cast SDS-PAGE gels (4-15%), or a Protean II XI system and 16 cm×20 cm×1 mm SDS-PAGE gels (10%) cast as per the manufacturer's protocol. The gels were run according to the manufacturer's instructions with a running buffer of 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 192 mM glycine, and 0.1% SDS.

[0326] A gel thickness of 1 mm was used to run samples from fraction 51. Protein from fraction 51 was loaded onto 10% SDS-PAGE (3 lanes, each containing 75 μg of total protein). The gels were stained briefly with Coomassie blue (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.) and then destained to a clear background with a 10% acetic acid and 20% methanol solution. The staining revealed a band of about 130 to 140 KDa

[0327] The protein band of about 130-140 KDa was excised with no excess unstained gel present. An equal area gel without protein was excised as a negative control. The gel slices were placed in uncolored microcentrifuge tubes, prewashed with 50%. acetonitrile in HPLC-grade water, washed twice with 50% acetonitrile, and shipped on dry ice to Harvard Microchemistry Sequencing Facility, Cambridge, Mass.

[0328] After in-situ enzymatic digestion of the polypeptide sample with trypsin, the resulting polypeptides were separated by micro-capillary reverse-phase HPLC. The HPLC was directly coupled to the nano-electrospray ionization source of a Finnigan LCQ quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer (μLC/MS/MS). Individual sequence spectra (MS/MS) were acquired on-line at high sensitivity for the multiple polypeptides separated during the chromatographic run. The MS/MS spectra of the polypeptides were correlated with known sequences using the algorithm Sequest developed at the University of Washington (Eng et al., J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 5:976 (1994)) and programs developed at Harvard (Chittum et al., Biochemistry, 37:10866 (1998)). The results were reviewed for consensus with known proteins and for manual confirmation of fidelity.

[0329] A similar purification procedure was used to obtain another sample (protein 1 sample) that was subjected to the same analysis that was used to evaluate the fraction 51 sample.

[0330] The polypeptide sequence results indicated that-the polypeptides obtained from both the fraction 51 sample and the protein 1 sample had similarity to the six (764, 799, 859, 923, 1090, 1024) contigs sequenced from the C. aurantiacus genome and presented on the Joint Genome Institute's web site (http://www.jgi.doe.gov/). The 764 contig was the most prominent of the six with about 40 peptide sequences showing similarity. BLASTX analysis of each of these contigs on the GenBank web site (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/) indicated that the DNA sequence of the 764 contig (4201 bases) encoded for polypeptides that had a dehydrogenase/reductase type activity. Close inspection of the 764 contig, however, revealed that this contig did not have an appropriate ORF that would encode for a 130-140 KDa polypeptide.

[0331] BASLTX analysis also was conducted using the other five contigs. The results of this analysis were as follows. The 799 contig (3173 bases) appeared to encode polypeptides having phosphate and dehydrogenase type activities. The 859 contig (5865 bases) appeared to encode polypeptides having synthetase type activities. The 923 contig (5660 bases) appeared to encode polypeptides having elongation factor and synthetase type activities. The 1090 contig (15201 bases) appeared to encode polypeptides having dehydrogenase/reductase and cytochrome and sigma factor activities. The 1024 contig (12276 bases) appeared to encode polypeptides having dehydrogenase and decarboxylase and synthetase type activities. Thus, the 859 and 923 contigs were eliminated from any further analysis.

[0332] The results from the BLASTX analysis also revealed that the dehydrogenase found in the 1024 contig was most likely an inositol monophosphate dehydrogenase. Thus, the 1024 contig was eliminated as a possible candidate that might encode for a polypeptide having malonyl-CoA reductase activity. The 799 contig also was eliminated since this contig is part of the OS17 polypeptide described above.

[0333] This narrowed down the search to 2 contigs, the 764 and 1090 contigs. Since the contigs were identified using the same protein sample and the dehydrogenase activities found in these contigs gave very similar BLASTX results, it was hypothesized that they are part of the same polypeptide. Additional evidence supporting this hypothesis was obtained from the discovery that the 764 and 1090 contigs are adjacent to each other in the C. aurantiacus genome as revealed by an analysis of scaffold data provided by the Joint Genome Institute. Sequence similarity and assembly analysis, however, revealed no overlapping sequence between these two contigs, possibly due to the presence of gaps in the genome sequencing.

[0334] The polypeptide sequences that belonged to the 764 and 1090 contigs were mapped. Based on this analysis, an appropriate coding frame and potential start and stop codons were identified. The following PCR primers were designed to PCR amplify a fragment that encoded for a polypeptide having malonyl-CoA reductase activity: PRO140F 5′-ATGGCGACGGGCGAGTCCATGAG-3′, SEQ ID NO:153; PRO14OR 5′-GGACACGAAGAACAGGGCGACAC-3′, SEQ ID NO:154; and PRO140UP 5′-GAACTGTCTGGAGTAAGGCTGTC-3′, SEQ ID NO:155. The PRO14OF primer was designed based on the sequence of the 1090 contig and corresponds to the start of the potential start codon. The twelfth base was change from G to C to avoid primer-dimer formation. This change does not change the amino acid that was encoded by the codon. The PRO14OR primer was designed based on sequence of the 764 contig and corresponds to a region located about 1 kB downstream from the potential stop codon. The PRO 140UPF primer was designed based on sequence of the 1090 contig and corresponds to a region located about 300 bases upstream of potential start codon.

[0335] Genomic C. aurantiacus DNA was obtained. Briefly, C. aurantiacus was grown in 50 mL cultures for 3 to 4 days. Cells were pelleted and washed with 5 mL of a 10 mM Tris solution. The genomic DNA was then isolated using the gram positive bacteria protocol provided with Gentra Genomic “Puregene” DNA isolation kit (Gentra Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.). The cell pellet was resuspended in 1 mL Gentra Cell Suspension Solution to which 14.2 mg of lysozyme and 4 μL of 20 mg/mL proteinase K solution was added. The cell suspension was incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes. The precipitated genomic DNA was recovered by centrifugation at 3500 g for 25 minutes and air-dried for 10 minutes. The genomic DNA was suspended in an appropriate amount of a 10 mM Tris solution and stored at 4° C.

[0336] Two PCR reactions were set-up using C. aurantiacus genomic DNA as template as follows: PCR Reaction #1 PCR program 3.3 X rTH polymerase Buffer   30 μL 94° C. 2 minutes Mg(OAC) (25 mM)    4 μL 29 cycles of: dNTP Mix (10 mM)    3 μL 94° C. 30 seconds PRO140F (100 μM)    2 μL 63° C. 45 seconds PRO140R (100 μM)    2 μL 68° C. 4.5 minutes Genomic DNA (100 ng/mL)    1 μL 68° C. 7 minutes rTH polymerase (2 U/μL)    2 μL  4° C. Until further use pfu polymerase (2.5 U/μL)  0.25 μL DI water 55.75 μL Total   100 μL

[0337] PCR Reaction #2 PCR program 3.3 X rTH polymerase Buffer   30 μL 94° C. 2 minutes Mg(OAC) (25 mM)    4 μL 29 cycles of: dNTP Mix (10 mM)    3 μL 94° C. 30 seconds PRO140UPF (100 μM)    2 μL 60° C. 45 seconds PRO140R (100 μM)    2 μL 68° C. 4.5 minutes Genomic DNA (100 ng/mL)    1 μL 68° C. 7 minutes rTH polymerase (2 U/μL)    2 μL  4° C. Until further use pfu polymerase 2.5 U/μL)  0.25 μL DI water 55.75 μL Total   100 μL

[0338] The products from both PCR reactions were separated on a 0.8% TAE gel. Both PCR reactions produced a product of 4.7 to 5 Kb in size. This approximately matched the expected size of a nucleic acid molecule that could encode a polypeptide having malonyl-CoA reductase activity.

[0339] Both PCR products were sequenced using sequencing primers (1090Fseq 5′-GATTCCGTATGTCACCCCTA-3′, SEQ ID NO:156; and 764Rseq 5′-CAGGCGACTGGCAATCACAA-3′, SEQ ID NO:157). The sequence analysis revealed a gap between the 764 and 1090 contigs. The nucleic acid sequence between the sequences from the764 and 1090 contigs was greater than 300 base pairs in length (FIG. 51). In addition, the sequence analysis revealed an ORF of 3678 bases that showed similarities to dehydorgenase/reductase type enzymes (FIG. 52). The amino acid sequence encoded by this ORF is 1225 amino acids in length (FIG. 50). Also, BLASTP analysis of the amino acid sequence encoded by this ORF revealed two short chain dehydrogenase domains (adh type). These results are consistent with a polypeptide having malonyl-CoA reductase activity since such an enzyme involves two reduction steps for the conversion of malonyl CoA to 3-HP. Further, the computed MW of the polypeptide was determined to be about 134 KDa.

[0340] PCR was conducted using the PRO14OF/PRO140R primer pair, C. aurantiacus genomic DNA, and the protocol described above as PCR reaction #1. After the PCR was completed, 0.25 U of Taq polymerase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Indianapolis, Ind.) was added to the PCR mix, which was then incubated at 72° C. for 10 minutes. The PCR product was column purified using Qiagen PCR purification kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, Calif.). The purified PCR product was then TOPO cloned into expression vector pCRT7/CT as per manufacture's instructions (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). TOP10 F′ chemical competent cells were transformed with the TOPO ligation mix as per manufacture's instructions (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). The cells were recovered for half an hour, and the transformants were selected on LB/ampicillin (100 μg/mL) plates. Twenty single colonies were selected, and the plasmid DNA was isolated using Qiagen spin Mini prep kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, Calif.).

[0341] Each of these twenty clones were tested for correct orientation and right insert size by PCR. Briefly, plasmid DNA was used as a template, and the following two primers were used in the PCR amplification: PCRT7 5′-GAGACCACAACGGTTTCCCTCTA-3′, SEQ ID NO:158; and PRO140R 5′-GGACACGAAGAACAGGGCGACAC-3′, SEQ ID NO:159. The following PCR reaction mix and program was used: PCR Reaction PCR program 3.3 × rTH polymerase Buffer  7.5 μL 94° C. 2 minutes Mg(OAC) (25 mM)    1 μL 25 cycles of: dNTP Mix (10 mM)  0.5 μL 94° C. 30 seconds PCRT7 (100 μM) 0.125 μL 55° C. 45 seconds PRO140R(100 μM) 0.125 μL 68° C. 4 minutes Plasmid DNA  0.5 μL 68° C. 7 minutes rTH polymerase (2 U/μL)  0.5 μL  4° C. Until further use DI water 14.75 μL Total   25 μL

[0342] Out of twenty clone tested, only one clone exhibited the correct insert (Clone # P-10). Chemical competent cells of BL21(DE3)pLysS (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) were transformed with 2 μL of the P-10 plasmid DNA as per the manufacture's instructions. The cells were recovered at 37° C. for 30 minutes and were plated on LB ampicillin (100 μg/mL) and chloramphenicol (25 μg/mL).

[0343] A 20 mL culture of BL21(DE3)pLysS/P-10 and a 20 mL control culture of BL21(DE3)pLysS was incubated overnight. Using the overnight cultures as an inoculum, two 100 mL BL21(DE3)pLysS/P-10 clone cultures and two control strain cultures (BL21(DE3)pLysS) were started. All the cultures were induced with IPTG when they reached an OD of about 0.5 at 600 nm. The control strain culture was induced with 10 μM IPTG or 100 μM IPTG, while one of the BL21(DE3)pLysS/P-10 clone cultures was induced with 10 μM IPTG and the other with 100 μM IPTG. The cultures were grown for 2.5 hours after induction. Aliquots were taken from each of the culture flasks before and after 2.5 hours of induction and separated using 4-15% SDS-PAGE to analyze polypeptide expression. In the induced BL21(DE3)pLysS/P-10 samples, a band corresponding to a polypeptide having a molecular weight of about 135 KDa was observed. This band was absent in the control strain samples and in samples taken before IPTG induction.

[0344] To assess malonyl-CoA reductase activity, BL21(DE3)pLysS/P-10 and BL21(DE3)pLysS cells were cultured and then harvested by centrifugation at 8,000×g (Rotor JA 16.250, Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, Calif.). Once harvested, the cells were washed once with an equal volume of a 0.85% NaCl solution. The cell pellets were resuspended into 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer that was supplemented with 5 mM Mg₂Cl and 2 mM DTT. The cells were disrupted by passing twice through a French Press Cell at 1,000 psi pressure (Gauge value). The cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 30,000×g (Rotor JA 25.50, Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, Calif.). The cell extract was maintained at 4° C. or on ice until further use.

[0345] Activity of malonyl-CoA reductase was measured at 37° C. for both the control cells and the IPTG-induced cells. The activity of malonyl-CoA reductase was monitored by observing the disappearance of added NADPH as described above. No activity was found in the cell extract of the control strain, while the cell extract from the IPTG-induced BL21(DE3)pLysS/P-10 cells displayed malonyl-CoA reductase activity with a specific activity calculated to be about 0.0942 μmole/minute/mg of total protein.

[0346] Malonyl-CoA reductase activity also was measured by analyzing 3-HP formation from malonyl CoA using the following reaction conducted at 37° C.: Volume Final conc. Tris HCl (1M)  10 μL 100 mM Malonyl CoA (10 mM)  40 μL  4 mM NADPH (10 mM)  30 μL  3 mM Cell extract  20 μL Total 100 μL

[0347] The reaction was carried out at 37° C. for 30 minutes. In the control reaction, a cell extract from BL21(DE3)pLysS was added to a final concentration of 322 mg total protein. In the experimental reaction mix, a cell extract from BL21(DE3)pLysS/P-10 was added to a final concentration of 226 mg of total protein. The reaction mixtures were frozen at −20° C. until further analysis.

[0348] Chromatographic separation of the components in the reaction mixtures was performed using a HPX-87H (7.8×300 mm) organic acid HPLC column (BioRad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.). The column was maintained at 60° C. Mobile phase composition was HPLC grade water pH to 2.5 using triflouroacetic acid (TFA) and was delivered at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/minute.

[0349] Detection of 3-HP in the reaction samples was accomplished using a Waters/Micromass ZQ LC/MS instrument consisting of a Waters 2690 liquid chromatograph (Waters Corp., Milford, Mass.) with a Waters 996 Photo-diode Array (PDA) absorbance monitor placed in series between the chromatograph and the single quandrupole mass spectrometer. The ionization source was an Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI) ionization source. All parameters of the APCI-MS system were optimized and selected based on the generation of the protonated molecular ion ([M+H])⁺ of 3-HP. The following parameters were used to detect 3-HP in the positive ion mode: Corona: 10 μA; Cone: 20V; Extractor: 2V; RF lens: 0.2V; Source temperature: 100° C.; APCI Probe temperature: 300° C.; Desolvation gas: 500 L/hour; Cone gas: 50 L/hour; Low mass resolution: 15; High mass resolution: 15; Ion energy: 1.0; Multiplier: 650. Data was collected in Selected Ion Reporting (SIR) mode set at m/z=90.9.

[0350] Both the control reaction sample and the experimental reaction sample were probed for presence of 3-HP using the HPLC-mass spectroscopy technique. In the control samples, no 3-HP peak was observed, while the experimental sample exhibited a peak that matched the retention and the mass of 3-HP.

Example 11 Constructing Recombinant Cells that Produce 3-HP

[0351] A pathway to make 3-hydroxypropionate directly from glucose via acetyl CoA is presented in FIG. 44. Most organisms such as E. coli, Bacillus, and yeast produce acetyl CoA from glucose via glycolysis and the action of pyruvate dehydrogenase. In order to divert the acetyl CoA generated from glucose, it is desirable to overexpress two genes, one encoding for acetyl CoA carboxylase and the other encoding malonyl-CoA reductase. As an example, these genes are expressed in E. coil through a T7 promoter using vectors pET30a and pFN476. The vector pET30a has a pBR ori and kanamycin resistance, while pFN476 has pSC101 ori and uses carbencillin resistance for selection. Because these two vectors have compatible ori and different markers they can be maintained in E. coli at the same time. Hence, the constructs used to engineer E. coli for direct production of 3-hydroxypropionate from glucose are pMSD8 (pFN476/accABCD) (Davis et al., J. Biol. Chem., 275:28593-28598,2000) and pET30a/malonyl-CoA reductase or pET30a/acc1 and pFN476/malonyl-CoA reductase. The constructs are depicted in FIG. 45.

[0352] To test the production of 3-hydroxypropionate from glucose, E. coil strain Tuner pLacI carrying plasmid pMSD8 (pFN476/accABCD) and pET30a/malonyl-CoA reductase or pET30a/acc1 and pFN476/malonyl-CoA reductase are grown in a B. Braun BIOSTAT B fermenter. A glass vessel fitted with a water jacket for heating is used to conduct this experiment. The fermenter working volume is 1.5 L and is operated at 37° C. The fermenter is continuously supplied with oxygen by bubbling sterile air through it at a rate of 1 vvm. The agitation is cascaded to the dissolve oxygen concentration which is maintained at 40% DO. The pH of the liquid media is maintained at 7 using 2 N NaOH. The E. coil strain is grown in M9 media supplemented with 1% glucose, 1 μg/mL thiamine, 0.1% casamino acids, 10 μg/mnL biotin, 50 μg/mnL carbencillin, 50 μg/mL kanamycin, and 25 μg/mL chloramphenicol. The expression of the genes is induced when the cell density reached 0.5 OD(600 nm) by adding 100 μM IPTG. After induction, samples of 2 mL volume are taken at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 hours. In addition, at 3 hours after induction, a 200 mL sample is taken to make a cell extract. The 2 mL samples are spun, and the supernatant is used to analyze products using LC/MS technique. The supernatant is stored at −20° C. until further analysis.

[0353] The extract is prepared by spinning the 200 mL of cell suspension at 8000 g and washing the cell pellet with of 50 mL of 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 5 mM MgCl₂, 100 mM KCl, 2 mM DTT, and 5% glycerol. The cell suspension is spun again at 8000 g, and the pellet is resuspended into 5 mL of 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 5 mM MgCl₂, 100 mM KCl, 2 mM DTT, and 5% glycerol. The cells are disrupted by passing twice through a French Press at 1000 pisg. The cell debris is removed by centrifugation for 20 minutes at 30,000 g. All the operations are conducted at 4° C. To demonstrated in vitro formation of 3-hydroxypropionate using this recombinant cell extract, the following reaction of 200 μL is conducted at 37° C. The reaction mix is as follows: Tris HCl (pH 8.0; 100 mM), ATP (1 mM), MgCl2 (5 mM), KCl (100 mM), DTT (5 mM), NaHCO3 (40 mM), NADPH (0.5 mM), acetyl CoA (0.5 mM), and cell extract (0.2 mg). The reaction is stopped after 15 minutes by adding 1 volume of 10% trifluroacetic acid (TFA). The products of this reaction are detected using an LC/MS technique.

[0354] The detection and analysis for the presence of 3-hydroxypropionate in the supernatant and the in vitro reaction mixture is carried out using a Waters/Micromass ZQ LC/MS instrument. This instrument consists of a Waters 2690 liquid chromatograph with a Waters 2410 refractive index detector placed in series between the chromatograph and the single quadropole mass spectrometer. LC separations are made using a Bio-Rad Aminex 87-H ion-exchange column at 45° C. Sugars, alcohol, and organic acid products are eluted with 0.015% TFA buffer. For elution, the buffer is passed at a flow.rate of 0.6 mL/minute. For detection and quantification of 3-hydroxypropionate, a sample obtained from TCI, America (Portland, Oreg.) is used as a standard.

Example 12 Cloning of Propionyl-CoA Transferase, Lactyl-CoA Dehydratase (LDH), and a Hydratase (OS19) for Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

[0355] The pESC Yeast Epitope Tagging Vector System (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) was used in cloning the genes involved in 3-hydroxypropionic acid production via lactic acid. The pESC vectors each contain GAL1 and GAL10 promoters in opposing directions, allowing the expression of two genes from each vector. The GAL1 and GAL10 promoters are repressed by glucose and induced by galactose. Each of the four available pESC vectors has a different yeast-selectable marker (HIS3, TRP1, LEU2, URA3) so multiple plasmids can be maintained in a single strain. Each cloning region has a polylinker site for gene insertion, a transcription terminator, and an epitope coding sequence for C-terminal or N-terminal epitope tagging of expressed proteins. The pESC vectors also have a ColE1 origin of replication and an ampicillin resistance gene to allow replication and selection in E. coli. The following vector/promoter/nucleic acid combinations were constructed: Vector Promoter Polypeptide Source of nucleic acid pESC-Trp GAL1 OS19 hydratase Chloroflexus aurantiacus GAL10 E1 Megasphaera elsdenii pESC-Leu GAL1 E2α Megasphaera elsdenii GAL10 E2β Megasphaera elsdenii pESC-His GAL1 D-LDH Escherishia coli GAL10 PCT Megasphaera elsdenii

[0356] The primers used were as follows: OS19APAF: (SEQ ID NO:164) 5′-ATAGGGCCCAGGAGATCAAACCATGGGTGAAGAGTCTCTGGTTC-3′ OS19SALR: (SEQ ID NO:165) 5′-CCTCTGCTACAGTCGACACAACGACCACTGAAGTTGGGAG-3′ OS19KPNR: (SEQ ID NO:166) 5′-AGTCTGCTATCGGTACCTCAACGACCACTGAAGTTGGGAG-3′ EINOTF: (SEQ ID NO:167) 5′-ATAGCGGCCGCATAATGGATACTCTCGGAATCGACGTTGG-3′ EICLAR: (SEQ ID NO:168) 5′-CCCCATCGATACATATTTCTTGATTTTATCATAAGCAATC-3′ EIIαAPAF: (SEQ ID NO:169) 5′-CCAGGGCCCATAATGGGTGAAGAAAAAACAGTAGATATTG-3′ EIIαSALR: (SEQ ID NO:170) 5′-GGTAGACTTGTCGACGTAGTGGTTTCCTCCTTCATTGG-3′ EIIβNOTF: (SEQ ID NO:171) 5′-ATAGCGGCCGCATAATGGGTCAGATCGACGAACTTATCAG-3′ EIIβSPER: (SEQ ID NO:172) 5′-AGGTTCAACTAGTTCGTAGAGGATTTCCGAGAAAGCCTG-3′ LDHAPAF: (SEQ ID NO:173) 5′-CTAGGGCCCATAATGGAACTCGCCGTTTATAGCAC-3′ LDHXHOR: (SEQ ID NO:174) 5′-ACTTCTCGAGTTAAACCAGTTCGTTCGGGCAGGT-3′ PCTSPEF: (SEQ ID NO:175) 5′-GGGACTAGTATAATGGGAAAAGTAGAAATCATTACAG-3′ PCTPACR: (SEQ ID NO:176) 5′-CGGCTTAATTAACAGCAGAGATTTATTTTTTCAGTCC-3′

[0357] All restriction enzymes were obtained from New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass. All plasmid DNA preparations were done using QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kits, and all gel purifications were done using QIAquick Gel Extraction Kits (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.).

A. Construction of the pESC-Trp/OS19 Hydratase Vector

[0358] Two constructs in pESC-Trp were made for the OS19 nucleic acid from C. aurantiacus. One of these constructs utilized the Apa I and Sal I restriction sites of the GAL1 multiple cloning site and was designed to include the c-myc epitope. The second construct utilized the Apa I and Kpn I sites and thus did not include the c-myc epitope sequence.

[0359] Six μg of pESC-Trp vector DNA was digested with the restriction enzyme Apa I and the digest was purified using a QIAquick PCR Purification Column. Three μg of the Apa I-digested vector DNA was then digested with the restriction enzyme Kpn I, and 3 μg was digested with Sal I. The double-digested vector DNAs were separated on a 1% TAE-agarose gel, purified, dephosphorylated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase (Roche Biochemical Products, Indianapolis, Ind.), and purified with a QIAquick PCR Purification Column.

[0360] The nucleic acid encoding the Chloroflexus arantiacus polypeptide having hydratase activity (OS19) was amplified from genomic DNA using the PCR primer pair OS19APAF and OS19SALR and the primer pair OS19APAF and OS19KPNR. OS19APAF was designed to introduce an Apa I restriction site and a translation initiation site (ACCATGG) at the beginning of the amplified fragment. The OS19KPNR primer was designed to introduce a Kpn I restriction site at the end of the amplified fragment and to contain the translational stop codon for the hydratase gene. OS19SALR introduces a Sal I site at the end of the amplified fragment and has an altered stop codon so that translation continues in-frame through the vector c-myc epitope. The PCR mix contained the following: 1× Expand PCR buffer, 100 ng C. aurantiacus genomic DNA, 0.2 μM of each primer, 0.2 mM each dNTP, and 5.25 units of Expand DNA Polymerase (Roche) in a final volume of 100 μL. The PCR reaction was performed in an MJ Research PTC100 under the following conditions: an initial denaturation at 94° C. for 1 minute; 8 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 57° C. for 1 minute, and 72° C. for 2.25 minutes; 24 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 62° C. for 1 minute, and 72° C. for 2.25 minutes; and a final extension for 7 minutes at 72° C. The amplification product was then separated by gel electrophoresis using a 1% TAE-agarose gel. A 0.8 Kb fragment was-excised from the gel and purified for each primer pair. The purified fragments were digested with Kpn I or Sal I restriction enzyme, purified with a QIAquick PCR Purification Column, digested with Apa I restriction enzyme, purified again with a QIAquick PCR Purification Column, and quantified on a minigel.

[0361] 50-60 ng of the digested PCR product containing the nucleic acid encoding the C. aurantiacus polypeptide having hydratase activity (OS19) and 50 ng of the prepared pESC-Trp vector were ligated using T4 DNA ligase at 16° C. for 16 hours. One μL of the ligation reaction was used to electroporate 40 μL of E. coli Electromax™ DH10B™ cells. The electroporated cells were plated onto LB plates containing 100 μg/mL of carbenicillin (LBC). Individual colonies were screened using colony PCR with the appropriate PCR primers. Individual colonies were suspended in about 25 μL of 10 mM Tris, and 2 μL of the suspension was plated on LBC media. The remnant suspension was heated for 10 minutes at 95° C. to break open the bacterial cells, and 2 μL of the heated cells was used in a 25 μL PCR reaction. The PCR mix contained the following: 1× Taq buffer, 0.2 μM each primer, 0.2 mM each dNTP, and 1 unit of Taq DNA polymerase per reaction. The PCR program used was the same as described above for amplification of the nucleic acid from genomic DNA.

[0362] Plasmid DNA was isolated from cultures of colonies having the desired insert and was sequenced to confirm the lack of nucleotide errors from PCR. A construct with a confirmed sequence was transformed into S. cerevisiae strain YPH500 using a Frozen-EZ Yeast Transformation II™ Kit (Zymo Research, Orange, Calif.). Transformation reactions were plated on SC-Trp media (see Stratagene pESC Vector Instruction Manual for media recipes). Individual yeast colonies were screened for the presence of the OS19 nucleic acid by colony PCR. Colonies were suspended in 20 μL of Y-Lysis Buffer (Zymo Research) containing 5 units of zymolase and heated at 37° C. for 10 minutes. Three μL of this suspension was then used in a 25 μL PCR reaction using the PCR reaction mixture and program described for the colony screen of the E. coli transformants. The pESC-Trp vector was also transformed into YPH500 for use as a hydratase assay control and transformants were screened by PCR using GAL1 and GAL10 primers.

B. Construction of the pESC-Trp/OS19/EI Hydratase Vector

[0363] Plasmid DNA of a pESC-Trp/OS19 construct (Apa I-Sal I sites) with confirmed sequence and positive assay results was used for insertion of the nucleic acid for the M. elsdenii E1 activator polypeptide downstream of the GAL10 promoter. Three μg of plasmid DNA was digested with the restriction enzyme Cla I, and the digest was purified using a QIAquick PCR Purification Column. The vector DNA was then digested with the restriction enzyme Not I, and the digest was inactivated by heating to 65° C. for 20 minutes. The double-digested vector DNA was dephosphorylated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase (Roche), separated on a 1% TAE-agarose gel, and gel purified.

[0364] The nucleic acid encoding the M. elsdenii E1 activator polypeptide was amplified from genomic DNA using the PCR primer pair EINOTF and EICLAR. EINOTF was designed to introduce a Not I restriction site and a translation initiation site at the beginning of the amplified fragment. The EICLAR primer was designed to introduce a Cla I restriction site at the end of the amplified fragment and to contain an altered translational stop codon to allow in-frame translation of the FLAG epitope. The PCR mix contained the following: 1× Expand PCR buffer, 100 ng M. elsdenii genomic DNA, 0.2 μM of each primer, 0.2 mM each dNTP, and 5.25 units of Expand DNA Polymerase in a final volume of 100 μL. The PCR reaction was performed in an MJ Research PTC100 under the following conditions: an initial denaturation at 94° C. for 1 minute; 8 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 45 seconds, and 72° C. for 3 minutes; 24 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 62° C. for 45 seconds, and 72° C. for 3 minutes; and a final extension for 7 minutes at 72° C. The amplification product was then separated by gel electrophoresis using a 1% TAE-agarose gel, and a 0.8 Kb fragment was excised and purified. The purified fragment was digested with Cla I restriction enzyme, purified with a QIAquick PCR Purification Column, digested with Not I restriction enzyme, purified again with a QIAquick PCR Purification Column, and quantified on a minigel.

[0365] 60 ng of the digested PCR product containing the nucleic acid for the M. elsdenii E1 activator polypeptide and 70 ng of the prepared pESC-Trp/OS19 hydratase vector were ligated using T4 DNA ligase at 16° C. for 16 hours. One μL of the ligation reaction was used to electroporate 40 μL of E. coli Electromax™ DH10B™ cells. The electroporated cells were Plated onto LBC media Individual colonies were screened using colony PCR with the EINOTF and EICLAR primers. Individual colonies were suspended in about 25 μL of 10 mM Tris, and 2 μL of the suspension was plated on LBC media. The remnant suspension was heated for 10 minutes at 95° C. to break open the bacterial cells, and 2 μL of the heated cells used in a 25 μL PCR reaction. The PCR mix contained the following: 1× Taq buffer, 0.2 M each primer, 0.2 mM each dNTP, and 1 unit of Taq DNA polymerase per reaction. The PCR program used was the same as described above for amplification of the gene from genomic DNA. Plasmid DNA was isolated from cultures of colonies having the desired insert and was sequenced to confirm the lack of nucleotide errors from PCR.

C. Construction of the pESC-Leu/EIIα/EIIβ Vector

[0366] Three μg of DNA of the vector pESC-Leu was digested with the restriction enzyme Apa I, and the digest was purified using a QIAquick PCR Purification Column. The vector DNA was then digested with the restriction enzyme Sal I, and the digest was inactivated by heating to 65° C. for 20 minutes. The double-digested vector DNA was dephosphorylated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase (Roche), separated on a 1% TAE-agarose gel, and gel purified.

[0367] The nucleic acid encoding the M. elsdenii E2α polypeptide was amplified from genomic DNA using the PCR primer pair EIIαAPAF and EIIaαSALR. EIIαAPAF was designed to introduce an Apa I restriction site and a translation initiation site at the beginning of the amplified fragment. The EIIαSALR primer was designed to introduce a Sal I restriction site at the end of the amplified fragment and to contain an altered translational stop codon to allow in-frame translation of the c-myc epitope. The PCR mix contained the following: 1× Expand PCR buffer, 100 ng M. elsdenii genomic DNA, 0.2 μM of-each primer, 0.2 mM each dNTP, and 5.25 units of Expand DNA Polymerase in a final volume of 100 μL. The PCR reaction was performed in an MJ Research PTC100 under the following conditions: an initial denaturation at 94° C. for 1 minute; 8 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 1 minute, and 72° C. for 3 minutes; 24 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 62° C. for 1 minute, and 72° C. for 3 minutes; and a final extension for 7 minutes at 72° C. The amplification product was then separated by gel electrophoresis using a 1% TAE-agarose gel, and a 1.3 Kb fragment was excised and purified. The purified fragment was digested with Apa I restriction enzyme, purified with a QIAquick PCR Purification Column, digested with Sal I restriction enzyme, purified again with a QIAquick PCR Purification Column, and quantified on a minigel.

[0368] 80 ng of the digested PCR product containing the nucleic acid encoding the M. elsdenii E2α polypeptide and 80 ng of the prepared pESC-Leu vector were ligated using T4 DNA ligase at 16° C. for 16 hours. One μL of the ligation reaction was used to electroporate 40 μL of E. coli Electromax™ DH10B™ cells. The electroporated cells were plated onto LBC media. Individual colonies were screened using colony PCR with the EIIαAPAF and EIIαSALR primers. Individual colonies were suspended in about 25 μl of 10 mM Tris, and 2 μL of the suspension was plated on LBC media. The remnant suspension was heated for 10 minutes at 95° C. to break open the bacterial cells, and 2 μL of the heated cells used in a 25 μL PCR reaction. The PCR mix contained the following: 1× Taq buffer, 0.2 μM each primer, 0.2 mM each dNTP, and 1 unit of Taq DNA polymerase per reaction. The PCR program used was the same as described above for amplification of the gene from genomic DNA. Plasmid DNA was isolated from cultures of colonies having the desired insert and was sequenced to confirm the lack of nucleotide errors from PCR.

[0369] Plasmid DNA of a pESC-Leu/EIIα vector with confirmed sequence was used for insertion of the nucleic acid encoding the M. elsdenii E2β polypeptide. Three μg of plasmid DNA was digested with the restriction enzyme Spe I, and the digest was purified using a QIAquick PCR Purification Column. The vector DNA was then digested with the restriction enzyme Not I and gel purified from a 1% TAE-agarose gel. The doubledigested vector DNA was then dephosphorylated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase (Roche) and purified with a QIAquick PCR Purification Column.

[0370] The nucleic acid encoding the M. elsdenii E2β polypeptide was amplified from genomic DNA using the PCR primer pair EIIβNOTF and EIIβSPER. The EIIβNOTF primer was designed to introduce a Not I restriction site and a translation initiation site at the beginning of the amplified fragment. The EIIβSPER primer was designed to introduce an Spe I restriction site at the end of the amplified fragment and to contain an altered translational stop codon to allow for in-frame translation of the FLAG epitope. The PCR mix contained the following: 1× Expand PCR buffer, 100 ng M. elsdenii genomic DNA, 0.2 μM of each primer, 0.2 mM each dNTP, and 5.25 units of Expand DNA Polymerase in a final volume of 100 μL. The PCR reaction was performed in an MJ Research PTC100 under the following conditions: an initial denaturation at 94° C. for 1 minute; 8 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 45 seconds, and 72° C. for 3 minute; 24 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 62° C. for 45 seconds, and 72° C. for 3 minutes; and a final extension for 7 minutes at 72° C. The amplification product was separated by gel electrophoresis using a 1% TAE-agarose gel, and a 1.1 Kb fragment was excised and purified. The purified fragment was digested with Spe I restriction enzyme, purified with a QIAquick PCR Purification Column, digested with Not I restriction enzyme, purified again with a QIAquick PCR Purification Column, and quantified on a minigel.

[0371] 38 ng of the digested PCR product containing the nucleic acid encoding the M. elsdenii E2β polypeptide and 50 ng of the prepared pESC-Leu/EIIα vector were ligated using T4 DNA ligase at 16° C. for 16 hours. One μL of the ligation reaction was used to electroporate 40 μL of E. coli Electromax™ DH10B™ cells. The electroporated cells were plated onto LBC plates. Individual colonies were screened using colony PCR with the EIIβNOTF and EIIβSPER primers. Individual colonies were suspended in about 25 μL of 10 mM Tris, and 2 μL of the suspension was plated on LBC media. The remnant suspension was heated for 10 minutes at 95° C. to break open the bacterial cells, and 2 μL of the heated cells was used in a 25 μL PCR reaction. The PCR mix contained the following: 1× Taq buffer, 0.2 μM each primer, 0.2 mM each dNTP, and 1 unit of Taq DNA polymerase per reaction. The PCR program used was the same as described above for amplification of the gene from genomic DNA.

[0372] Plasmid DNA was isolated from cultures of colonies having the desired insert and was sequenced to confirm the lack of nucleotide errors from PCR. A pESC-Leu/EIIα/EIIβ construct with a confirmed sequence was co-transformed along with the pESC-Trp/OS19/EI vector into S. cerevisiae strain YPH500 using a Frozen-EZ Yeast Transformation II™ Kit (Zymo Research, Orange, Calif.). Transformation reactions were plated on SC-Trp-Leu media. Individual yeast colonies were screened for the presence of the OS19, E1, E2α, and E2β nucleic acid by colony PCR. Colonies were suspended in 20 μL of Y-Lysis Buffer (Zymo Research) containing 5 units of zymolase and heated at 37° C. for 10 minutes. Three μL of this suspension was-then used in a 25 μL PCR reaction using the PCR reaction mixtures and programs described for the colony screens of the E. coli transformants. The pESC-Trp/OS19 and pESC-Leu vectors were also co-transformed into YPH500 for use as a lactyl-CoA dehydratase assay control. These transformants were colony screened using the GAL1 and GAL10 primers (Instruction manual, pESC Yeast Epitope Tagging Vectors, Stratagene).

D. Construction of the pESC-His/D-LDH/PCT Vector

[0373] Three μg of DNA of the vector pESC-His was digested with the restriction enzyme Xho I, and the digest was purified using a QIAquick PCR Purification Column. The vector DNA was then digested with the restriction enzyme Apa I and gel purified from a 1% TAE-agarose gel. The double-digested vector DNA was dephosphorylated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase (Roche) and purified using a QIAquick PCR Purification Column.

[0374] The E. coli D-LDH gene was amplified from genomic DNA of strain DH10B using the PCR primer pair LDHAPAF and LDHXHOR. LDHAPAF was designed to introduce an Apa I restriction site and a translation initiation site at the beginning of the amplified fragment. The LDHXHOR primer was designed to introduce an Xho I restriction site at the end of the amplified fragment and to contain the translational stop codon for the D-LDH gene. The PCR mix contained the following: 1× Expand PCR buffer, 100 ng E. coli genomic DNA, 0.2 μM of each primer, 0.2 mM each dNTP, and 5.25 units of Expand DNA Polymerase in a final volume of 100 μL. The PCR reaction was performed in an MJ Research PTC100 under the following conditions: an initial denaturation at 94° C. for 1 minute; 8 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 59° C. for 45 seconds, and 72° C. for 2 minutes; 24 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 64° C. for 45 seconds, and 72° C. for 2 minutes; and a final extension for 7 minutes at 72° C. The amplification product was separated by gel electrophoresis using a 1% TAE-agarose gel, and a 1.0 Kb fragment was excised and purified. The purified fragment was digested with Apa I restriction enzyme, purified with a QIAquick PCR Purification Column, digested with Xho I restriction enzyme, purified again with a QIAquick PCR Purification Column, and quantified on a minigel.

[0375] 80 ng of the digested PCR product containing the E. coli D-LDH gene and 80 ng of the prepared pESC-His vector were ligated using T4 DNA ligase at 16° C. for 16 hours. One μL of the ligation reaction was used to electroporate 40 μL of E. coli Electromax™ DH10B™ cells. The electroporated cells were plated onto LBC media. Individual colonies were screened using colony PCR with the LDHAPAF and LDHXHOR primers. Individual colonies were suspended in about 25 μL of 10 mM Tris, and 2 μL of the suspension was plated on LBC media The remnant suspension was heated for 10 minutes at 95° C. to break open the bacterial cells, and 2 μL of the heated cells used in a 25 μL PCR reaction. The PCR mix contained the following: 1× Taq buffer, 0.2 μM each primer, 0.2 mM each dNTP, and 1 unit of Taq DNA polymerase per reaction. The PCR program used was the same as described above for amplification of the gene from genomic DNA. Plasmid DNA was isolated from cultures of colonies having the desired insert and was sequenced to confirm the lack of nucleotide errors from PCR.

[0376] Plasmid DNA of a pESC-His/D-LDH construct with a confirmed sequence was used for insertion of the nucleic acid encoding the M. elsdenii PCT polypeptide. Three μg of plasmid DNA was digested with the restriction enzyme Pac I, and the digest was purified using a QIAquick PCR Purification Column. The vector DNA was then digested with the restriction enzyme Spe I and gel purified from a 1% TAE-agarose gel. The double-digested vector DNA was dephosphorylated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase (Roche) and purified with a QIAquick PCR Purification Column.

[0377] The nucleic acid encoding the M. elsdenii PCT polypeptide was amplified from genomic DNA using the PCR primer pair PCTSPEF and PCTPACR. PCTSPEF was designed to introduce an Spe I restriction site and a translation initiation site at the beginning of the amplified fragment. The PCTPACR primer was designed to introduce a Pac I restriction site at the end of the amplified fragment and to contain the translational stop codon for the PCT gene. The PCR mix contained the following: 1× Expand PCR buffer, 100 ng M. elsdenii genomic DNA, 0.2 μM of each primer, 0.2 mM each dNTP, and 5.25 units of Expand DNA Polymerase in a final volume of 100 μL. The PCR reaction was performed in an MJ Research PTC100 under the following conditions: an initial denaturation at 94° C. for 1 minute; 8 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 56° C. for 45 seconds, and 72° C. for 2.5 minutes; 24 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 64° C. for 45 seconds, and 72° C. for 2.5 minutes; and a final extension for 7 minutes at 72° C. The amplification product was separated by gel electrophoresis using a 1% TAE-agarose gel, and a 1.55 Kb fragment was excised and purified. The purified fragment was digested with Pac I restriction enzyme, purified with a QIAquick PCR Purification Column, digested with Spe I restriction enzyme, purified again with a QIAquick PCR Purification Column, and quantified on a minigel.

[0378] 95 ng of the digested PCR product containing the nucleic acid encoding the M. elsdenii PCT polypeptide and 75 ng of the prepared pESC-His/D-LDH vector were ligated using T4 DNA ligase at 16° C. for 16 hours. One μL of the ligation reaction was used to electroporate 40 μL of E. coli Electromax™ DH10B™ cells. The electroporated cells were plated onto LBC plates. Individual colonies were screened using colony PCR with the PCTSPEF and PCTPACR primers. Individual colonies were suspended in about 25 μL of 10 mM Tris, and 2 μL of the suspension was plated on LBC media. The remnant suspension was heated for 10 minutes at 95° C. to break open the bacterial cells, and 2 μL of the heated cells used in a 25 μL PCR reaction. The PCR mix contained the following: 1× Taq buffer, 0.2 μM each primer, 0.2 mM each dNTP, and 1 unit of Taq DNA polymerase per reaction. The PCR program used was the same as described above for amplification of the gene from genomic DNA.

[0379] Plasmid DNA was isolated from cultures of colonies having the desired insert and was sequenced to confirm the lack of nucleotide errors from PCR. A construct with a confirmed sequence was transformed into S. cerevisiae stain YPH500 using a Frozen-EZ Yeast Transformation II™ Kit (Zymo Research, Orange, Calif.). Transformation reactions were plated on SC-His media. Individual yeast colonies were screened for the presence of the D-LDH and PCT genes by colony PCR. Colonies were suspended in 20 μL of Y-Lysis Buffer (Zymo Research) containing 5 units of zymolase and heated at 37° C. for 10 minutes. Three μL of this suspension was then used in a 25 μL PCR reaction using the PCR reaction mixture and program described for the colony screen of the E. coli transformants. The pESC-His vector was also transformed into YPH500 for use as an assay control, and transformants were screened by PCR using GAL1 and GAL10 primers.

Example 13 Expression of Enzymes in S. cerevisiae A. Hydratase Activity in Transformed Yeast

[0380] Individual colonies carrying the pESC-Trp/OS19 construct or the pESC-Trp vector (negative control) were used to inoculate 5 mL cultures of SC-Trp media containing 2% glucose. These cultures were grown for 16 hours at 30° C. and used to inoculate 35 mL of the same media The subcultures were grown for 7 hours at 30° C., and their OD₆₀₀s were determined. A volume of cells giving an OD×volume equal to 40 was pelleted, washed with SC-Trp media with no carbon source, and repelleted. The cells were suspended in 5 mL of SC-Trp media containing 2% galactose and used to inoculate a total volume of 100 mL of this media. Cultures were grown for 17.5 hours at 30° C. and 250 rpm. Cells were then pelleted, rinsed in 0.85% NaCl, and repelleted. Cell pellets (70 mg) were suspended in 140 μL of 50 mM TrisHCl, pH 7.5, and an equal volume (pellet plus buffer) of pre-rinsed glass beads (Sigma, 150-212 microns) was added. This mixture was vortexed for 30 seconds and placed on ice for 1 minute, and the vortexing/cooling cycle was repeated 8 additional times. The cells were then centrifuged for 6 minutes at 5,000 g, and the supernatant was removed to a fresh tube. The beads/pellet were washed twice with 250 μL of buffer, centrifuged, and the supernatants joined with the first supernatant.

[0381] An E. coli strain carrying the pETBlue-1/OS19 construct, described previously, was used as a positive control for hydratase assays. A culture of this strain was grown to saturation overnight and diluted 1:20 the following morning in fresh LBC media. The culture was grown at 37° C. and 250 rpm to an OD₆₀₀ of 0.6, at which point it was induced with IPTG at a final concentration of 1 mM. The culture was incubated for an additional two hours at 37° C. and 250 rpm. Cells were pelleted, washed with 0.85 % NaCl, and repelleted. Cells were disrupted using BugBuster™ Protein Extraction Reagent and Benzonase® (Novagen) as per manufacturer's instructions with a 20 minute incubation at room temperature. After centrifugation at 16,000 g and 4° C., the supernatant was transferred to a new tube and used in the activity assay.

[0382] Total protein content of cell extracts from S. cerevisiae described above were quantified using a microplate Bio-Rad Protein Assay (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.). The OS19 constructs (both Apa I-Sal I and Apa I-Kpn I sites) in YPH500, the pESC-Trp negative control in YPH500, and the pETBlue-1/OS19 construct in E. coli were tested for their ability to convert acrylyl-CoA to 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA. The assay was conducted as previously described for the pETBlue-1/OS19 constructs in the E. coil Tuner strain. When cell extract of the negative control strain was added to the reaction mixture containing acrylyl-CoA, one dominant peak of MW 823 was exhibited. This peak corresponds to acrylyl-CoA and indicates that acrylyl-CoA was not converted to any other product. When cell extract of the strain carrying a pESC-Trp/OS19 construct (either Apa I-Sal I or Apa I-Kpn I sites) was added to the reaction mix, the dominant peak shifted to MW 841, which corresponds to 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA. The reaction mix from the E. coli control also showed the MW 841 peak. A time course study was conducted for the pESC-Trp/OS19(Apa I-Sal I) construct, which measured the appearance of the MW 841 and MW 823 peaks after 0, 1, 3, 7, 15, 30, and 60 minutes of reaction time. An increase in the 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA peak was seen over time with the cell extracts from both this construct and the E. coli control, whereas cell extract from the YPH500 strain with vector only showed a dominant acrylyl-CoA peak.

B. Propionyl CoA-Transferase Activity in Transformed Yeast

[0383] Individual colonies of S. cerevisiae strain YPH500 carrying the pESC-His/D-LDH or pESC-His/D-LDH/PCT construct or the pESC-His vector with no insert (negative control) were used to inoculate 5 mL cultures of SC-His media containing 2% glucose. These cultures were grown for 16 hours at 30° C. and 250 rpm and were then used to inoculate 35 mL of the same media. The subcultures were grown for 7 hours at 30° C., and their OD₆₀₀s were determined. For each strain, a volume of cells giving an OD×volume equal to 40 was pelleted, washed with SC-His media with no carbon source, and repelleted. The cells were suspended in 5 mL of SC-His media containing 2% galactose and used to inoculate a total volume of 100 mL of this media Cultures were grown for 16.75 hours at 30° C. and 250 rpm. Cells were then pelleted, rinsed in 0.85% NaCl, and repelleted. Cell pellets (70 mg) were suspended in 140 μL of 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, and an equal volume (pellet plus buffer) of pre-rinsed glass beads (Sigma, 150-212 microns) was added. This mixture was vortexing for 30 seconds and placed on ice for 1 minute, and the vortexing/cooling cycle was repeated 8 additional times. The cells were then centrifuged for 6 minutes at 5,000 g, and the supernatant was removed to a fresh tube. The beads/pellet were washed twice with 250 μL of buffer and centrifuged, and the supernatants joined with the first supernatant.

[0384] An E. coli strain carrying the pETBlue-1/PCT construct, described previously, was used as a positive control for propionyl CoA transferase assays. A culture of this strain was grown to saturation overnight and diluted 1:20 the following morning in fresh LB media containing 100 μg/mL of carbenicillin. The culture was grown at 37° C. and 250 rpm to an OD₆₀₀ of 0.6, at which point it was induced with IPTG at a final concentration of 1 mM. The culture was incubated for an additional two hours at 37° C. and 250 rpm. Cells were pelleted, washed with 0.85% NaCl, and repelleted. Cells were disrupted using BugBuster™ Protein Extraction Reagent and Benzonase® (Novagen) as per manufacturer's instructions with a 20 minute incubation at room temperature. After centrifugation at 16,000 g and 4° C., the supernatant was transferred to a new tube and used in the activity assay.

[0385] Total protein content of cell extracts was quantified using a microplate Bio-Rad Protein Assay (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.). The D-LDH and D-LDH/PCT constructs in S. cerevisiae strain YPH500, the pESC-His negative control in YPH500, and the pETBlue-1/PCT construct in E. coli were tested for their ability to catalyze the conversion of propionyl-CoA and acetate to acetyl-CoA and propionate. The assay mixture used was that previously described for the pETBlue-1/PCT constructs in the E. coli Tuner strain.

[0386] When 1 μg of total cell extract protein of the negative control strain or the YPH500/pESC-His/D-LDH strain was added to the reaction mixture, no increase in absorbance (0.00 to 0.00) was seen over 11 minutes. Increases in absorbance from 0.00 to 0.04 and from 0.00 to 0.06 were seen, respectively, with 1 μg of cell extract protein from the YPH500/pESC-His/D-LDH/PCT strain and the E. coli/PCT strain. With 2 mg of total cell extract protein, the negative control strain and the YPH500/pESC-His/D-LDH strain showed an increase in absorbance from 0.00 to 0.01 over 11 minutes, whereas increases from 0.00 to 0.10 and 0.00 to 0.08 were seen, respectively, with the YPH500/pESC-His/D-LDH/PCT strain and the E. coli/PCT strain.

C. Lactyl-CoA Dehydratase Activity in Transformed Yeast

[0387] Individual colonies of S. cerevisiae strain YPH500 carrying the pESC-His/D-LDH or pESC-His/D-LDH/PCT construct or the pESC-His vector with no insert (negative control) were used to inoculate 5 mL cultures of SC-His media containing 4% glucose. These cultures were grown for 23 hours at 30° C. and used to inoculate 35 mL of SC-His media containing 2% raffinose. The subcultures were grown for 8 hours at 30° C., and their OD₆₀₀s were determined. For each strain, a volume of cells giving an OD×volume equal to 40 was pelleted, resuspended in 10 mL of SC-His media containing 2% galactose, and used to inoculate a total volume of 100 mL of this media. Cultures were grown for 17 hours at 30° C. and 250 rpm. Cells were then pelleted, rinsed in 0.85% NaCl, and repelleted. Cell pellets (190 mg) were suspended in 380 μL of 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, and an equal volume (pellet plus buffer) of pre-rinsed glass beads (Sigma, 150-212 microns) was added. This mixture was vortexed for 30 seconds and placed on ice for 1 minute, and the vortexing/cooling cycle was repeated 7 additional times. The cells were then centrifuged for 6 minutes at 5,000 g and the supernatant was removed to a fresh tube. The beads/pellet were washed twice with 300 μL of buffer and centrifuged, and the supernatants joined with the first supernatant.

[0388] An anaerobically-grown culture of E. coli strain DH10B was used as a positive control for D-LDH assays. A culture of this strain was grown to saturation overnight and diluted 1:20 the following morning in fresh LB media. The culture was grown anaerobically at 37° C. for 7.5 hours. Cells were pelleted, washed with 0.85 % NaCl, and repelleted. Cells were disrupted using BugBuster™ Protein Extraction Reagent and Benzonase® (Novagen) as per manufacturer's instructions with a 20-minute incubation at room temperature. After centrifugation at 16,000 g and 4° C., the supernatant was transferred to a new tube and used in the activity assay.

[0389] Total protein content of cell extracts was quantified using a microplate Bio-Rad Protein Assay (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.). The D-LDH and D-LDH/PCT constructs in YPH500, the pESC-His negative control in YPH500, and the anaerobically-grown E. coli strain were tested for their ability to catalyze the conversion of pyruvate to lactate by assaying the concurrent oxidation of NADH to NAD. The assay mixture contained 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, 0.2 mM NADH, and 0.5-1.0 μg of cell extract. The reaction was started by the addition of sodium pyruvate to a final concentration of 5 mM, and the decrease in absorbance at 340 nm was measured over 10 minutes. When 0.5 μg of total cell extract protein of the negative control strain was added to the reaction mixture, a decrease in absorbance from −0.01 to −0.02 was seen over 200 seconds. A decrease in absorbance from −0.21 to −0.47 and −0.20 to −0.47 over 200 seconds was seen, respectively, for cell extract from the YPH500/pESC-His/D-LDH or YPH500/pESC-His/D-LDH/PCT strains. 0.5 μL (7.85 μg) of cell extract from the anaerobically-grown E. coli strain showed a decrease in absorbance very similar to that for 1 μg of cell extract of the YPH500/pESC-His/D-LDH/PCT strain. When 4 μg of cell extract was used, the YPH500/pESC-His/D-LDH/PCT strain showed a decrease in absorbance from −0.18 to −0.60 over 10 minutes, whereas the negative control strain showed no decrease in absorbance (−0.08 to −0.08).

D. Demonstration of 3-HP Production in S. cerevisiae

[0390] The pESC-Trp/OS19/EI, pESC-Leu/EIIα/EIIB, and pESC-His/D-LDH/PCT constructs were transformed into a single strain of S. cerevisiae YPH500 using a Frozen-EZ Yeast Transformation II™ Kit (Zymo Research, Orange, Calif.). A negative control strain was also developed by transformation of the pESC-Trp, pESC-Leu, and pESC-His vectors into a single YPH500 strain. Transformation reactions were plated on SC-Trp-Leu-His media. Individual yeast colonies were screened by colony PCR for the presence or absence of nucleic acid corresponding to each construct.

[0391] The strain carrying all six genes and the negative control strain were grown in 5 mL of SC-Trp-Leu-His media containing 2% glucose. These cultures were grown for 31 hours at 30° C., and 2 mL was used to inoculate 50 mL of the same media. The subcultures were grown for 19 hours at 30° C., and their OD600s were determined. For each strain, a volume of cells giving an OD×volume equal to 100 was pelleted, washed with SC-Trp-Leu-His media with no carbon source, and repelleted. The cells were suspended in 10 mL of SC-Trp-Leu-His media containing 2% galactose and 2% raffmose and used to inoculate a total volume of 250 mL of this media. The cultures were grown in bottles at 30° C. with no shaking, and samples were taken at 0, 4.5, 20, 28.5, 45, and 70 hours. Samples were spun down to remove cells and the supernatant was filtered using 0.45 micron Acrodisc Syrige Filters (Pall Gelman Laboratory, Ann Arbor, Mich.).

[0392] 100 microliters of the filtered broth was used to derive CoA esters of any lactate or 3-HP in the broth using 6 micrograms of purified propionyl-CoA transferase, 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), and 1 mM acetyl-CoA. The reaction was allowed to proceed at room temperature for 15 minutes and was stopped by adding 1 volume 10% trifluoroacetic acid. The reaction mixtures were purified using Sep Pak C18 columns as previously described and analyzed by LC/MS.

Example 14 Constructing a Biosynthetic Pathway that Produces Organic Acids from β-alanine

[0393] One possible pathway to 3-HP from β-alanine involves the use of a polypeptide having CoA transferase activity (e.g., an enzyme from a class of enzymes that transfers a CoA group from one metabolite to the other). As shown in FIG. 54, β-alanine can be converted to β-alanyl-CoA using a polypeptide having CoA transferase activity and CoA donors such as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA. Alternatively, β-alanyl-CoA can be generated by the action of a polypeptide having CoA synthetase activity. The β-alanyl-CoA can be deaminated to form acrylyl-CoA by a polypeptide having β-alanyl-CoA ammonia lyase activity. The hydration of acrylyl-CoA at the β position to yield 3-HP-CoA can be carried out by a polypeptide having 3-HP-CoA dehydratase activity. The 3HP-CoA can act as a CoA donor for β-alanine, a reaction that can be catalyzed a polypeptide having CoA transferase activity, thus yielding 3-HP as a product. Alternatively, 3-HP-CoA can be hydrolyzed to yield 3-HP by a polypeptide having specific CoA hydrolase activity.

[0394] Methods for isolating, sequencing, expressing, and testing the activity of a polypeptide having CoA transferase activity are described herein.

A. Isolation of a Polypeptide having β-alanyl-CoA Ammonia Lyase Activity

[0395] Polypeptides having β-alanyl-CoA ammonia lyase activity can catalyze the conversion of β-alanyl-CoA into acryly-CoA. The activity of such polypeptides has been described by Vagelos et al. (J. Biol. Chem., 234:490-497 (1959)) in Clostridum propionicum. This polypeptide can be used as part of the acrylate pathway in Clostridum propionicum to produce propionic acid.

[0396]C. propionicum was grown at 37° C. in an anoxic medium containing 0.2% yeast extract, 0.2% trypticase peptone, 0.05% cysteine, 0.5% b-alanine, 0.4% VRB-salts, 5 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.0. The cells were harvested after 12 hours and washed twice with 50 mM potassium phosphate (Kpi), pH 7.0. About 2 g of wet packed cells were re-suspended in 40 mL of Kpi, pH 7.0, 1 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM EDTA, and 1 mM DTT (Buffer A), and homogenized by sonication at about 85-100 W power using a 3 mm tip (Branson sonifier 250). Cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 100,000 g for 45 minutes in a Centricon T-1080 Ultra centrifuge, and the cell free extract (˜110 U/mg activity) was subjected to anion exchange chromatography on Source-15Q-material. The Source-15Q column was loaded with 32 mL of cell free extract. The column was developed by a linear gradient of 0 M to 0.5 M NaCl within 10 column volumes. The polypeptide eluted between 70-110 mM NaCl.

[0397] The solution was adjusted to a final concentration of 1 M (NH₄)₂SO₄ and applied onto a Resource-Phe column equilibrated with 1 M (NH₄)₂SO₄ in buffer A. The polypeptide did not bind to this column.

[0398] The final preparation was obtained after concentration in an Amicon chamber (filter cut-off 30 kDa). The functional polypeptide is composed of four polypeptide subunits, each having a molecular mass of 16 kDa. The polypeptide had a final specific activity of 1033 U/mg in the standard assay (see below).

[0399] The polypeptide sample after every purification step was separated on a 15% SDS-PAGE gel. The gel was stained with 0.1% Coomassie R 250, and the destaining was achieved by using 7.1% acetic acid/5% ethanol solution.

[0400] The polypeptide was desalted by RP-HPLC and subjected to N-terminal sequencing by gas phase Edman degradation. The results of this analysis yielded a 35 amino acid N-terminal sequence of the polypeptide. The sequence was as follows: MV-GKKVVHHLMMSAKDAHYTGNLVNGARIVNQWGD (SEQ ID NO:177).

B. Amplification of a Gene Fragment

[0401] The 35 amino acid sequence of the polypeptide having β-alanine-CoA ammonia lyase activity was used to design primers with which to amplify the corresponding DNA from genome of C. propionicium. Genomic DNA from C. propionicum was isolated using the Gentra Genomic DNA isolation Kit (Gentra Systems, Minneapolis) following the genomic DNA protocol for gram-positive bacteria. A codon usage table for Clostridium propionicum was used to back translate the seven amino acids on either end of the amino acid sequence to obtain 20-nucleotide degenerate primers: ACLF: 5′-ATGGTWGGYAARAARGTWGT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:178) ACLR: 5′-TCRCCCCAYTGRTTWACRAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:179)

[0402] The primers were used in a 50 μL PCR reaction containing 1× Taq PCR buffer, 0.6 μM each primer, 0.2 mM each dNTP, 2 units of Taq DNA polymerase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Indianapolis, Ind.), 2.5% (v/v) DMSO, and 100 ng of genomic DNA. PCR was conducted using a touchdown PCR program with 4 cycles at an annealing temperature of 58° C., 4 cycles at 56° C., 4 cycles at 54° C., and 24 cycles at 52° C. Each cycle used an initial 30 second denaturing step at 94° C. and a 1.25 minute extension at 72° C., and the program had an initial denaturation step at 94° C. for 2 minutes and final extension at 72° C. for 5 minutes. The amounts of PCR primer used in the reaction were increased three-fold above typical PCR amounts due to the amount of degeneracy in the 3′ end of the primer. In addition, separate PCR reactions containing each individual primer were made to identify PCR product resulting from single degenerate primers. Twenty μL of each PCR product was separated on a 2.0% TAE (Tris-acetate-EDTA)-agarose gel.

[0403] A band of about 100 bp was produced by the reaction containing both the forward and reverse primers, but was not present in the individual forward and reverse primer control reactions. This fragment was excised and purified using a QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.). Four microliters of the purified band was ligated into pCRII-TOPO vector and transformed by a heat-shock method into TOP10 E. coli cells using a TOPO cloning procedure (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Transformations were plated on LB media containing 50 μg/mL of kanamycin and 50 μg/mL of 5-Bromo-4-Chloro-3-Indolyl-B-D-Galactopyranoside (X-gal). Individual, white colonies were resuspended in 25 μL of 10 mM Tris and heated for 10 minutes at 95° C. to break open the bacterial cells. Two microliters of the heated cells were used in a 25 μL PCR reaction using M13R and M13F universal primers homologous to the pCRII-TOPO vector. The PCR mix contained the following: 1× Taq PCR buffer, 0.2 μM each primer, 0.2 mM each dNTP, and 1 unit of Taq DNA polymerase per reaction. The PCR reaction was performed in a MJ Research PTC100 under the following conditions: an initial denaturation at 94° C. for 2 minutes; 30 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 52° C. for 1 minute, and 72° C. for 1.25 minutes; and a final extension for 7 minutes at 72° C. Plasmid DNA was obtained (QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit, Qiagen) from cultures of colonies showing the desired insert and was used for DNA sequencing with M13R universal primer. The following nucleic acid sequence was internal to the degenerate primers and corresponds to a portion of the 35 amino acid residue sequence: 5′-ACATCATTTAATGATGA-GCGCAAAAGATGCTCACTATACTGGAAACTTAGTAAACGGCGCTAGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:180).

C. Genome Walking to Obtain the Complete Coding Sequence

[0404] Primers for conducting genome walking in both upstream and downstream directions were designed using the portion of the nucleic acid sequence that was internal to the degenerate primers. The primer sequences were as follows: (SEQ ID NO:181) ACLGSP1F: 5′-GTACATCATTTAATGATGAGCGCAAAAGATG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:182) ACLGSP2F: 5′-GATGCTCACTATACTGGAAACTTAGTAAAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:183) ACLGSP1R: 5′-ATTCTAGCGCCGTTTACTAAGTTTCCAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:184) ACLGSP2R: 5′-CCAGTATAGTGAGCATCTTTTGCGCTCATC-3′

[0405] GSP1F and GSP2F are primers facing downstream, GSP1R and GSP2R are primers facing upstream, and GSP2F and GSP2R are primers nested inside GSP1F and GSP1R, respectively. Genome walking libraries were constructed according to the manual for CLONTECH's Universal Genome Walling Kit (CLONTECH Laboratories, Palo Alto, Calif.), with the exception that the restriction enzymes Ssp I and Hinc II were used in addition to Dra I, EcoR V, and Pvu II. PCR was conducted in a Perkin Elmer 9700 Thermocycler using the following reaction mix: 1× XL Buffer II, 0.2 mM each dNTP, 1.25 mM Mg(OAc)₂, 0.2 μM each primer, 2 units of rTth DNA polymerase XL (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.), and 1 μL of library per 50 μL reaction. First round PCR used an initial denaturation at 94° C. for 5 seconds; 7 cycles consisting of 2 sec at 94° C. and 3 min at 70° C.; 32 cycles consisting of 2 sec at 94° C. and 3 min at 64° C.; and a final extension at 64° C. for 4 min. Second round PCR used an initial denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds; 5 cycles consisting of 5 sec at 94° C. and 3 min at 70° C.; 26 cycles consisting of 5 sec at 94° C. and 3 min at 64° C.; and a final extension at 66° C. for 7 min. Twenty μL of each first and second round product was run on a 1.0% TAE-agarose gel. In the second round PCR for the forward reactions, a 1.4 Kb band was obtained for Dra I, a 1.5 Kb band for Hinc II, a 4.0 Kb band for Pvu II, and 2.0 and 2.6 Kb bands were obtained for Ssp I. In the second round PCR for the reverse reactions, a 1.5 Kb band was obtained for Dra I, a 0.8 Kb band for EcoR V, a 2.0 Kb band for Hinc II, a 2.9 Kb band for Pvu II, and a 1.5 Kb band was obtained for Ssp I. Several of these fragments were gel purified, cloned, and sequenced.

[0406] The coding sequence of the polypeptide having β-alanyl-CoA ammonia lyase activity is set forth in SEQ ID NO:162. This coding sequence encodes the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:160. The coding sequence was cloned and expressed in bacterial cells. A polypeptide with the expected size was isolated and tested for enzymatic activity.

[0407] The isolation of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide having 3-HP-CoA dehydratase activity (e.g., the seventh enzymatic activity in FIG. 54, which can be accomplished with a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:41) is described herein. This polypeptide in combination with a polypeptide having CoA transferase activity (e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2) and a polypeptide having β-alanyl-CoA ammonia lyase activity (e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 160) provides one method of making 3-HP from β-alanine.

Example 15 Constructing a Biosynthetic Pathway that Produces Organic Acids from β-alanine

[0408] In another pathway, β-alanine generated from aspartate can be deaminated by a polypeptide having 4,4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity (FIG. 55). This reaction also can regenerate glutamate that is consumed in the formation of aspartate. The deamination of β-alanine can yield malonate semialdehyde, which can be further reduced to 3-HP by a polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase activity or a polypeptide having 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase activity. Such polypeptides can be obtained as follows.

A. Cloning gabT (4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase) from C. acetobutycilicum

[0409] The following PCR primers were designed based on a published sequence for a gabT gene from Clostridium acetobutycilicum (GenBank# AE007654): Cac aba nco sen: 5′-GAGCCATGGAAGAAATAAATGCTAAAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:185) Cac aba bam anti: 5′-AGAGGATGGCTTTTTAAATCGCTATTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:186)

[0410] The primers introduced a NcoI site at the 5′ end and a BamHI site at the 3′ end. A PCR reaction was set up using chromosomal DNA from C. acetobutylicum as the template. H2O 80.75 μL PCR Program Taq Plus Long 10x Buffer   10 μL 94° C. 5 minutes dNTP mix (10 mM)    3 μL 25 cycles of: Cac aba nco sen (20 mM)    2 μL 94° C. 30 seconds Cac aba bam anti (20 mM)    2 μL 50° C. 30 seconds C. acetobutylicum DNA (˜100 ng)    1 μL 72° C. 80 seconds + 2 Taq Plus Long (5 U/mL)    1 μL seconds/cycle Pfu (2.5 U/mL)  0.25 μL 1 cycle of: 68° C. 7 minutes  4° C. until use

[0411] Upon agarose gel analysis a single band was observed of ˜1.3 Kb in size. This fragment was purified using QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.) and cloned into pCRII TOPO using the TOPO Zero Blunt PCR cloning kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). 1 μL of the pCRII TOPO ligation mix was used to transform chemically competent TOP10 E. coli cells. The cells were for 1 hour in SOC media, and the transformants were selected on LB/kanamycin (50 μg/mL) plates. Single colonies of the transformant grown overnight in LB/kanamycin media, and the plasmid DNA was extracted using a Mini prep kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.). The super-coiled plasmid DNA was separated on a 1% agarose gel digested, and the colonies with insert were selected. The insert was sequenced to confirm the sequence and its quality.

[0412] The plasmid having the correct insert was digested with restriction enzyme Nco I and BamHI. The digested insert was gel isolated and ligated to pET28b expression vector that was also restricted with Nco I and BamHI enzymes. 1 μl of ligation mix was used to transform chemically competent TOP10 E. coli cells. The cells were recovered for 1 hour in SOC media, and the transformants were selected on LB/kanamycin (50 μg/mL) plates. The super-coiled plasmid DNA was separated on a 1% agarose gel digested, and the colonies with insert were selected. The plasmid with the insert was isolated using a Mini prep kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.), and 1 μL of this plasmid DNA was used to transform electrocompetent BL21(DE3) (Novagen, Madison, Wis.). These cells were used to check the expression of a polypeptide having 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity.

B. Cloning mmsB (3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase) from P. aeruginosa

[0413] The following PCR primers was designed based on a published sequence for a mmsB gene from Pseudomona _(—) aeruginosa (GenBank# M8491 1): Ppu hid nde sen: 5′-ATACATATGACCGACCGACATCGCATT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:186) Ppu hid sal anti: 5′-ATAGTCGACGGGTCAGTCCTTGCCGCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:187)

[0414] The primers introduced a Nde I site at the 5′ end and a BamHI site at the 3′ end. H₂O 80.75 μL PCR Program Taq Plus Long 10x Buffer   10 μL 94° C. 5 minutes dNTP mix (10 mM)    3 μL 25 cycles of: 94° C. 30 seconds 55° C. 30 seconds 72° C. 90 seconds + 2 seconds/cycle Ppu hid.nde sen (20 μM)    2 μL 68° C. 7 minutes Ppu hid sal anti (20 μM)    2 μL 4° C. until use C. acetobutylicum DNA (˜100 ng)    1 μL Taq Plus Long (Stratagene, La Jolla,    1 μL CA) Pfu (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA)  0.25 μL

[0415] A PCR reaction was set up using chromosomal DNA from P. aeruginosa as the template. Chromosomal DNA was obtained from ATCC (Manassas, Va.) P. aeruginosa 17933D.

[0416] Upon agarose gel analysis, a single band was observed of ˜1.6 Kb in size. This fragment was purified using QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.) and cloned into pCRII TOPO using the TOPO Zero Blunt PCR cloning kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). 1 μL of the pCRII TOPO ligation mix was used to transform chemically competent TOP10 E. coli cells. The cells were recovered for 1 hour in SOC media, and the transformants were selected on LB/kanamycin (50 μg/mL) plates. Single colonies of the transformant grown overnight in LB/kanamycin media, and the plasmid DNA was extracted using a Mini prep kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.). The super-coiled plasmid DNA was separated on a 1% agarose gel and digested, and the colonies with insert were selected. The insert was sequenced to confirm the sequence and its quality.

[0417] The plasmid having the correct insert was digested with restriction enzyme Nde I and BamHI. The digested insert was gel isolated and ligated to pET30a expression vector that was also restricted with Nde I and BamHI enzymes. 1 μL of ligation mix was used to transform chemically competent TOP10 E. coli cells. The cells were recovered for 1 hour in SOC media, and the transformants were selected on LB/kanamycin (50 μg/mL) plates. The super-coiled plasmid DNA was separated on a 1% agarose gel and digested, and the colonies with insert were selected. The plasmid with the insert was isolated using a Mini prep kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.), and 1 μl of this plasmid DNA was used to transform electrocompetent BL21(DE3) (Novagen, Madison, Wis.). These cells were used to check the expression of a polypeptide having 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase activity.

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

[0418] It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.

1 188 1 1554 DNA Megasphaera elsdenii CDS (1)..(1551) 1 atg aga aaa gta gaa atc att aca gct gaa caa gca gct cag ctc gta 48 Met Arg Lys Val Glu Ile Ile Thr Ala Glu Gln Ala Ala Gln Leu Val 1 5 10 15 aaa gac aac gac acg att acg tct atc ggc ttt gtc agc agc gcc cat 96 Lys Asp Asn Asp Thr Ile Thr Ser Ile Gly Phe Val Ser Ser Ala His 20 25 30 ccg gaa gca ctg acc aaa gct ttg gaa aaa cgg ttc ctg gac acg aac 144 Pro Glu Ala Leu Thr Lys Ala Leu Glu Lys Arg Phe Leu Asp Thr Asn 35 40 45 acc ccg cag aac ttg acc tac atc tat gca ggc tct cag ggc aaa cgc 192 Thr Pro Gln Asn Leu Thr Tyr Ile Tyr Ala Gly Ser Gln Gly Lys Arg 50 55 60 gat ggc cgt gcc gct gaa cat ctg gca cac aca ggc ctt ttg aaa cgc 240 Asp Gly Arg Ala Ala Glu His Leu Ala His Thr Gly Leu Leu Lys Arg 65 70 75 80 gcc atc atc ggt cac tgg cag act gta ccg gct atc ggt aaa ctg gct 288 Ala Ile Ile Gly His Trp Gln Thr Val Pro Ala Ile Gly Lys Leu Ala 85 90 95 gtc gaa aac aag att gaa gct tac aac ttc tcg cag ggc acg ttg gtc 336 Val Glu Asn Lys Ile Glu Ala Tyr Asn Phe Ser Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 cac tgg ttc cgc gcc ttg gca ggt cat aag ctc ggc gtc ttc acc gac 384 His Trp Phe Arg Ala Leu Ala Gly His Lys Leu Gly Val Phe Thr Asp 115 120 125 atc ggt ctg gaa act ttc ctc gat ccc cgt cag ctc ggc ggc aag ctc 432 Ile Gly Leu Glu Thr Phe Leu Asp Pro Arg Gln Leu Gly Gly Lys Leu 130 135 140 aat gac gta acc aaa gaa gac ctc gtc aaa ctg atc gaa gtc gat ggt 480 Asn Asp Val Thr Lys Glu Asp Leu Val Lys Leu Ile Glu Val Asp Gly 145 150 155 160 cat gaa cag ctt ttc tac ccg acc ttc ccg gtc aac gta gct ttc ctc 528 His Glu Gln Leu Phe Tyr Pro Thr Phe Pro Val Asn Val Ala Phe Leu 165 170 175 cgc ggt acg tat gct gat gaa tcc ggc aat atc acc atg gac gaa gaa 576 Arg Gly Thr Tyr Ala Asp Glu Ser Gly Asn Ile Thr Met Asp Glu Glu 180 185 190 atc ggg cct ttc gaa agc act tcc gta gcc cag gcc gtt cac aac tgt 624 Ile Gly Pro Phe Glu Ser Thr Ser Val Ala Gln Ala Val His Asn Cys 195 200 205 ggc ggt aaa gtc gtc gtc cag gtc aaa gac gtc gtc gct cac ggc agc 672 Gly Gly Lys Val Val Val Gln Val Lys Asp Val Val Ala His Gly Ser 210 215 220 ctc gac ccg cgc atg gtc aag atc cct ggc atc tat gtc gac tac gtc 720 Leu Asp Pro Arg Met Val Lys Ile Pro Gly Ile Tyr Val Asp Tyr Val 225 230 235 240 gtc gta gca gct ccg gaa gac cat cag cag acg tat gac tgc gaa tac 768 Val Val Ala Ala Pro Glu Asp His Gln Gln Thr Tyr Asp Cys Glu Tyr 245 250 255 gat ccg tcc ctc agc ggt gaa cat cgt gct cct gaa ggc gct acc gat 816 Asp Pro Ser Leu Ser Gly Glu His Arg Ala Pro Glu Gly Ala Thr Asp 260 265 270 gca gct ctc ccc atg agc gct aag aaa atc atc ggc cgc cgc ggc gct 864 Ala Ala Leu Pro Met Ser Ala Lys Lys Ile Ile Gly Arg Arg Gly Ala 275 280 285 ttg gaa ttg act gaa aac gct gtc gtc aac ctc ggc gtc ggt gct ccg 912 Leu Glu Leu Thr Glu Asn Ala Val Val Asn Leu Gly Val Gly Ala Pro 290 295 300 gaa tac gtt gct tct gtt gcc ggt gaa gaa ggt atc gcc gat acc att 960 Glu Tyr Val Ala Ser Val Ala Gly Glu Glu Gly Ile Ala Asp Thr Ile 305 310 315 320 acc ctg acc gtc gaa ggt ggc gcc atc ggt ggc gta ccg cag ggc ggt 1008 Thr Leu Thr Val Glu Gly Gly Ala Ile Gly Gly Val Pro Gln Gly Gly 325 330 335 gcc cgc ttc ggt tcg tcc cgc aat gcc gat gcc atc atc gac cac acc 1056 Ala Arg Phe Gly Ser Ser Arg Asn Ala Asp Ala Ile Ile Asp His Thr 340 345 350 tat cag ttc gac ttc tac gat ggc ggc ggt ctg gac atc gct tac ctc 1104 Tyr Gln Phe Asp Phe Tyr Asp Gly Gly Gly Leu Asp Ile Ala Tyr Leu 355 360 365 ggc ctg gcc cag tgc gat ggc tcg ggc aac atc aac gtc agc aag ttc 1152 Gly Leu Ala Gln Cys Asp Gly Ser Gly Asn Ile Asn Val Ser Lys Phe 370 375 380 ggt act aac gtt gcc ggc tgc ggc ggt ttc ccc aac att tcc cag cag 1200 Gly Thr Asn Val Ala Gly Cys Gly Gly Phe Pro Asn Ile Ser Gln Gln 385 390 395 400 aca ccg aat gtt tac ttc tgc ggc acc ttc acg gct ggc ggc ttg aaa 1248 Thr Pro Asn Val Tyr Phe Cys Gly Thr Phe Thr Ala Gly Gly Leu Lys 405 410 415 atc gct gtc gaa gac ggc aaa gtc aag atc ctc cag gaa ggc aaa gcc 1296 Ile Ala Val Glu Asp Gly Lys Val Lys Ile Leu Gln Glu Gly Lys Ala 420 425 430 aag aag ttc atc aaa gct gtc gac cag atc act ttc aac ggt tcc tat 1344 Lys Lys Phe Ile Lys Ala Val Asp Gln Ile Thr Phe Asn Gly Ser Tyr 435 440 445 gca gcc cgc aac ggc aaa cac gtt ctc tac atc aca gaa cgc tgc gta 1392 Ala Ala Arg Asn Gly Lys His Val Leu Tyr Ile Thr Glu Arg Cys Val 450 455 460 ttt gaa ctg acc aaa gaa ggc ttg aaa ctc atc gaa gtc gca ccg ggc 1440 Phe Glu Leu Thr Lys Glu Gly Leu Lys Leu Ile Glu Val Ala Pro Gly 465 470 475 480 atc gat att gaa aaa gat atc ctc gct cac atg gac ttc aag ccg atc 1488 Ile Asp Ile Glu Lys Asp Ile Leu Ala His Met Asp Phe Lys Pro Ile 485 490 495 att gat aat ccg aaa ctc atg gat gcc cgc ctc ttc cag gac ggt ccc 1536 Ile Asp Asn Pro Lys Leu Met Asp Ala Arg Leu Phe Gln Asp Gly Pro 500 505 510 atg gga ctg aaa aaa taa 1554 Met Gly Leu Lys Lys 515 2 517 PRT Megasphaera elsdenii 2 Met Arg Lys Val Glu Ile Ile Thr Ala Glu Gln Ala Ala Gln Leu Val 1 5 10 15 Lys Asp Asn Asp Thr Ile Thr Ser Ile Gly Phe Val Ser Ser Ala His 20 25 30 Pro Glu Ala Leu Thr Lys Ala Leu Glu Lys Arg Phe Leu Asp Thr Asn 35 40 45 Thr Pro Gln Asn Leu Thr Tyr Ile Tyr Ala Gly Ser Gln Gly Lys Arg 50 55 60 Asp Gly Arg Ala Ala Glu His Leu Ala His Thr Gly Leu Leu Lys Arg 65 70 75 80 Ala Ile Ile Gly His Trp Gln Thr Val Pro Ala Ile Gly Lys Leu Ala 85 90 95 Val Glu Asn Lys Ile Glu Ala Tyr Asn Phe Ser Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110 His Trp Phe Arg Ala Leu Ala Gly His Lys Leu Gly Val Phe Thr Asp 115 120 125 Ile Gly Leu Glu Thr Phe Leu Asp Pro Arg Gln Leu Gly Gly Lys Leu 130 135 140 Asn Asp Val Thr Lys Glu Asp Leu Val Lys Leu Ile Glu Val Asp Gly 145 150 155 160 His Glu Gln Leu Phe Tyr Pro Thr Phe Pro Val Asn Val Ala Phe Leu 165 170 175 Arg Gly Thr Tyr Ala Asp Glu Ser Gly Asn Ile Thr Met Asp Glu Glu 180 185 190 Ile Gly Pro Phe Glu Ser Thr Ser Val Ala Gln Ala Val His Asn Cys 195 200 205 Gly Gly Lys Val Val Val Gln Val Lys Asp Val Val Ala His Gly Ser 210 215 220 Leu Asp Pro Arg Met Val Lys Ile Pro Gly Ile Tyr Val Asp Tyr Val 225 230 235 240 Val Val Ala Ala Pro Glu Asp His Gln Gln Thr Tyr Asp Cys Glu Tyr 245 250 255 Asp Pro Ser Leu Ser Gly Glu His Arg Ala Pro Glu Gly Ala Thr Asp 260 265 270 Ala Ala Leu Pro Met Ser Ala Lys Lys Ile Ile Gly Arg Arg Gly Ala 275 280 285 Leu Glu Leu Thr Glu Asn Ala Val Val Asn Leu Gly Val Gly Ala Pro 290 295 300 Glu Tyr Val Ala Ser Val Ala Gly Glu Glu Gly Ile Ala Asp Thr Ile 305 310 315 320 Thr Leu Thr Val Glu Gly Gly Ala Ile Gly Gly Val Pro Gln Gly Gly 325 330 335 Ala Arg Phe Gly Ser Ser Arg Asn Ala Asp Ala Ile Ile Asp His Thr 340 345 350 Tyr Gln Phe Asp Phe Tyr Asp Gly Gly Gly Leu Asp Ile Ala Tyr Leu 355 360 365 Gly Leu Ala Gln Cys Asp Gly Ser Gly Asn Ile Asn Val Ser Lys Phe 370 375 380 Gly Thr Asn Val Ala Gly Cys Gly Gly Phe Pro Asn Ile Ser Gln Gln 385 390 395 400 Thr Pro Asn Val Tyr Phe Cys Gly Thr Phe Thr Ala Gly Gly Leu Lys 405 410 415 Ile Ala Val Glu Asp Gly Lys Val Lys Ile Leu Gln Glu Gly Lys Ala 420 425 430 Lys Lys Phe Ile Lys Ala Val Asp Gln Ile Thr Phe Asn Gly Ser Tyr 435 440 445 Ala Ala Arg Asn Gly Lys His Val Leu Tyr Ile Thr Glu Arg Cys Val 450 455 460 Phe Glu Leu Thr Lys Glu Gly Leu Lys Leu Ile Glu Val Ala Pro Gly 465 470 475 480 Ile Asp Ile Glu Lys Asp Ile Leu Ala His Met Asp Phe Lys Pro Ile 485 490 495 Ile Asp Asn Pro Lys Leu Met Asp Ala Arg Leu Phe Gln Asp Gly Pro 500 505 510 Met Gly Leu Lys Lys 515 3 1560 DNA Escherichia coli 3 gtgccggtcc tgtcggcaca ggaagcggtg aattatattc ccgacgaagc aacactttgt 60 gtgttaggcg ctggcggcgg tattctggaa gccaccacgt taattactgc tcttgctgat 120 aaatataaac agactcaaac accacgtaat ttatcgatta ttagtccaac agggcttggc 180 gatcgcgccg accgtggtat tagtcctctg gcgcaagaag gtctggtgaa atgggcatta 240 tgtggtcact ggggacaatc gccgcgtatt tctgaactcg cagaacaaaa taaaattatt 300 gcttataact acccacaagg tgtacttaca caaaccttac gcgccgccgc agcccaccag 360 cctggtatta ttagtgatat tggcatcggg acatttgtcg atccacgcca gcaaggcggc 420 aaactgaatg aagtcactaa agaagacctg attaaactgg tcgagtttga taacaaagaa 480 tatctctatt acaaagcgat tgcgccagat attgccttca ttcgcgctac cacctgcgac 540 agtgaaggct acgccacttt tgaagatgag gtgatgtatc tcgacgcatt ggttattgcc 600 caggcggtgc acaataacgg cggtattgtg atgatgcagg tgcagaaaat ggttaagaaa 660 gccacgctgc atcctaaatc tgtccgtatt ccgggttatc tggtggatat tgtggtggtc 720 gatccggatc aaacccaact gtatggcggt gcaccggtta accgctttat ttctggtgac 780 ttcacccttg atgacagtac caaacttagc ctgcccctaa accaacgtaa attagttgcg 840 cggcgcgcat tattcgaaat gcgtaaaggc gcggtgggga atgtcggcgt cggtattgct 900 gacggcattg gcctggtcgc ccgagaagaa ggttgtgctg atgactttat tctgacggta 960 gaaacaggtc cgattggcgg aattacttca caggggatcg cctttggcgc gaacgtgaat 1020 acccgtgcca ttctggatat gacgtcccag tttgattttt atcacggtgg cggtctggat 1080 gtttgttatt tgagttttgc tgaagtcgac cagcacggta acgtcggcgt gcataaattc 1140 aatggtaaaa tcatgggcac cggtggattt attgatatca gtgccacttc gaagaaaatc 1200 attttctgcg gcacattaac tgcgggcagt ttaaaaacag aaattaccga cggcaaatta 1260 aatatcgtcc aggaaggacg ggtgaagaaa tttattcggg aactaccgga aattactttc 1320 agcggaaaaa tcgctctcga gcgagggctg gatgttcgtt atatcactga gcgcgcagta 1380 ttcacgctga aagaagacgg cctgcattta atcgaaatcg cccctggcgt cgatttacaa 1440 aaagatattc tcgacaaaat ggatttcacc ccagtgattt cgccagaact caaactgatg 1500 gacgaaagat tatttatcga tgcggcgatg ggttttgtcc tgcctgaagc ggctcattaa 1560 4 1566 DNA Caenorhabditis elegans 4 atgccgattc tctcaaaaat atgggcggct ccagcagctg gaatcttgag aaaaactccg 60 agaaatgctc atcaaatgag gctaatctca atgacatcct cgatgaaagc aaaagtcttt 120 aactctgccg aagaagccgt gaaggatatt ccagataatg caaagctttt agttggcggc 180 ttcggactat gcggaatccc agaaaatctc atccaagcta tcacaaaaac tggtcaaaaa 240 ggtcttacat gtgtatcaaa caatgcggga gttgataatt ggggacttgg cttgctcctt 300 caaactcgac aaatcaagaa aatgatctca tcgtacgtcg gtgaaaacgg agaatttgct 360 cgacaatatc ttagcggaga gctcgagttg gaattcacac cacaaggaac actcgccgaa 420 cgaattcgtg cagctggtgc cggtgttccc gcattctaca caccaacagg atacggtacc 480 cagattcaag aaggaggtgc tccgattaag tacagtaaaa ctgaaaaagg aaagattgaa 540 gttgcaagta aagcgaaaga aacacgacaa ttcaatggaa ttaattatgt aatggaagag 600 gctatttggg gagattttgc attgatcaag gcgtggagag cagatactct tggaaatatt 660 caattcagac atgctgctgg aaatttcaat aatccaatgt gcaaagcctc taaatgcacc 720 atcgtcgaag tagaggaaat cgtcgaaccg ggagtaattg ctccaaacga tgtgcacatt 780 ccatcaatct attgtcatcg tctagttttg ggaaagaact acaaaaaacc aatcgaacgg 840 ccaatgttcg cacacgaagg accaataaaa ccatctacat cggctgctgg aaaatcgaga 900 gaaatcattg cagcacgtgc agctttggag ttcacagatg gaatgtacgc caatttgggt 960 atcgggattc cgactttggc gccaaattat ataccaaatg gatttactgt tcatttgcaa 1020 agtgagaatg gtattattgg agtgggacca tatccaagaa aaggaacaga agacgccgat 1080 ctcattaatg ctggaaaaga gccaattact cttctcaaag gagcttcaat tgttggttct 1140 gatgaatcat tcgcaatgat tcgtggttct catatggata ttactgtgct cggtgcactt 1200 cagtgctcac agtttggaga tttagcgaat tggatgattc cgggaaaatt ggtgaaagga 1260 atgggcggtg caatggatct tgtctctgct cccggagccc gtgtgatcgt tgtaatggag 1320 catgtatcga agaacggaga gccaaaaatt ctagagcact gcgaacttcc tctgaccggc 1380 aaaggagtaa tttcccgaat cattactgat atggcagttt tcgacgtgga cacaaagaac 1440 ggattgacat tgatcgaagt caggaaggat cttactgtag atgatatcaa gaaactcacc 1500 gcttgcaaat tcgaaatttc cgaaaatctg aagccaatgg gacaggctcc tcttaatcaa 1560 ggataa 1566 5 672 DNA Haemophilus influenzae 5 atgaatgcaa aagaattaat cgctcgccga attgcgatgg aattacatga tggagatatt 60 gttaatctcg gtattggttt accaacacag gttgttaatt atttacctga taatgtcaat 120 attacacttc aatcagaaaa tggctttctt ggtttaactg catttgaccc agaaaatgct 180 aattcaaact tagtaaatgc tggtggtcag ccttgtggaa ttaaaaaagg cggctctact 240 tttgatagtg ctttttcttt cgctttaatt cgtggcggtc atgttgatgc ctgtgtgcta 300 ggtggacttg aagttgatca agaagcaaat ctcgctaact ggatggtgcc tggcaaaatg 360 gtaccaggaa tgggcggagc aatggactta gtgactggtg caaaaaaagt gattattggc 420 atggaacatt gtgccaagtc aggttcctca aaaattctaa agaaatgtac attaccgctc 480 acagcaagta aaaaagttgc catggtggtt accgaattgg cagtatttaa cttcattgaa 540 ggcagattag ttctaaaaga acatgctcct catgtggatt tagaaacaat taaagccaaa 600 acagaagccg atttcattgt tgccgatgat ttcaaagaaa tgcaaatcag ccagaaagga 660 cttgaattat ga 672 6 519 PRT Escherichia coli 6 Met Pro Val Leu Ser Ala Gln Glu Ala Val Asn Tyr Ile Pro Asp Glu 1 5 10 15 Ala Thr Leu Cys Val Leu Gly Ala Gly Gly Gly Ile Leu Glu Ala Thr 20 25 30 Thr Leu Ile Thr Ala Leu Ala Asp Lys Tyr Lys Gln Thr Gln Thr Pro 35 40 45 Arg Asn Leu Ser Ile Ile Ser Pro Thr Gly Leu Gly Asp Arg Ala Asp 50 55 60 Arg Gly Ile Ser Pro Leu Ala Gln Glu Gly Leu Val Lys Trp Ala Leu 65 70 75 80 Cys Gly His Trp Gly Gln Ser Pro Arg Ile Ser Glu Leu Ala Glu Gln 85 90 95 Asn Lys Ile Ile Ala Tyr Asn Tyr Pro Gln Gly Val Leu Thr Gln Thr 100 105 110 Leu Arg Ala Ala Ala Ala His Gln Pro Gly Ile Ile Ser Asp Ile Gly 115 120 125 Ile Gly Thr Phe Val Asp Pro Arg Gln Gln Gly Gly Lys Leu Asn Glu 130 135 140 Val Thr Lys Glu Asp Leu Ile Lys Leu Val Glu Phe Asp Asn Lys Glu 145 150 155 160 Tyr Leu Tyr Tyr Lys Ala Ile Ala Pro Asp Ile Ala Phe Ile Arg Ala 165 170 175 Thr Thr Cys Asp Ser Glu Gly Tyr Ala Thr Phe Glu Asp Glu Val Met 180 185 190 Tyr Leu Asp Ala Leu Val Ile Ala Gln Ala Val His Asn Asn Gly Gly 195 200 205 Ile Val Met Met Gln Val Gln Lys Met Val Lys Lys Ala Thr Leu His 210 215 220 Pro Lys Ser Val Arg Ile Pro Gly Tyr Leu Val Asp Ile Val Val Val 225 230 235 240 Asp Pro Asp Gln Thr Gln Leu Tyr Gly Gly Ala Pro Val Asn Arg Phe 245 250 255 Ile Ser Gly Asp Phe Thr Leu Asp Asp Ser Thr Lys Leu Ser Leu Pro 260 265 270 Leu Asn Gln Arg Lys Leu Val Ala Arg Arg Ala Leu Phe Glu Met Arg 275 280 285 Lys Gly Ala Val Gly Asn Val Gly Val Gly Ile Ala Asp Gly Ile Gly 290 295 300 Leu Val Ala Arg Glu Glu Gly Cys Ala Asp Asp Phe Ile Leu Thr Val 305 310 315 320 Glu Thr Gly Pro Ile Gly Gly Ile Thr Ser Gln Gly Ile Ala Phe Gly 325 330 335 Ala Asn Val Asn Thr Arg Ala Ile Leu Asp Met Thr Ser Gln Phe Asp 340 345 350 Phe Tyr His Gly Gly Gly Leu Asp Val Cys Tyr Leu Ser Phe Ala Glu 355 360 365 Val Asp Gln His Gly Asn Val Gly Val His Lys Phe Asn Gly Lys Ile 370 375 380 Met Gly Thr Gly Gly Phe Ile Asp Ile Ser Ala Thr Ser Lys Lys Ile 385 390 395 400 Ile Phe Cys Gly Thr Leu Thr Ala Gly Ser Leu Lys Thr Glu Ile Thr 405 410 415 Asp Gly Lys Leu Asn Ile Val Gln Glu Gly Arg Val Lys Lys Phe Ile 420 425 430 Arg Glu Leu Pro Glu Ile Thr Phe Ser Gly Lys Ile Ala Leu Glu Arg 435 440 445 Gly Leu Asp Val Arg Tyr Ile Thr Glu Arg Ala Val Phe Thr Leu Lys 450 455 460 Glu Asp Gly Leu His Leu Ile Glu Ile Ala Pro Gly Val Asp Leu Gln 465 470 475 480 Lys Asp Ile Leu Asp Lys Met Asp Phe Thr Pro Val Ile Ser Pro Glu 485 490 495 Leu Lys Leu Met Asp Glu Arg Leu Phe Ile Asp Ala Ala Met Gly Phe 500 505 510 Val Leu Pro Glu Ala Ala His 515 7 521 PRT Caenorhabditis elegans 7 Met Pro Ile Leu Ser Lys Ile Trp Ala Ala Pro Ala Ala Gly Ile Leu 1 5 10 15 Arg Lys Thr Pro Arg Asn Ala His Gln Met Arg Leu Ile Ser Met Thr 20 25 30 Ser Ser Met Lys Ala Lys Val Phe Asn Ser Ala Glu Glu Ala Val Lys 35 40 45 Asp Ile Pro Asp Asn Ala Lys Leu Leu Val Gly Gly Phe Gly Leu Cys 50 55 60 Gly Ile Pro Glu Asn Leu Ile Gln Ala Ile Thr Lys Thr Gly Gln Lys 65 70 75 80 Gly Leu Thr Cys Val Ser Asn Asn Ala Gly Val Asp Asn Trp Gly Leu 85 90 95 Gly Leu Leu Leu Gln Thr Arg Gln Ile Lys Lys Met Ile Ser Ser Tyr 100 105 110 Val Gly Glu Asn Gly Glu Phe Ala Arg Gln Tyr Leu Ser Gly Glu Leu 115 120 125 Glu Leu Glu Phe Thr Pro Gln Gly Thr Leu Ala Glu Arg Ile Arg Ala 130 135 140 Ala Gly Ala Gly Val Pro Ala Phe Tyr Thr Pro Thr Gly Tyr Gly Thr 145 150 155 160 Gln Ile Gln Glu Gly Gly Ala Pro Ile Lys Tyr Ser Lys Thr Glu Lys 165 170 175 Gly Lys Ile Glu Val Ala Ser Lys Ala Lys Glu Thr Arg Gln Phe Asn 180 185 190 Gly Ile Asn Tyr Val Met Glu Glu Ala Ile Trp Gly Asp Phe Ala Leu 195 200 205 Ile Lys Ala Trp Arg Ala Asp Thr Leu Gly Asn Ile Gln Phe Arg His 210 215 220 Ala Ala Gly Asn Phe Asn Asn Pro Met Cys Lys Ala Ser Lys Cys Thr 225 230 235 240 Ile Val Glu Val Glu Glu Ile Val Glu Pro Gly Val Ile Ala Pro Asn 245 250 255 Asp Val His Ile Pro Ser Ile Tyr Cys His Arg Leu Val Leu Gly Lys 260 265 270 Asn Tyr Lys Lys Pro Ile Glu Arg Pro Met Phe Ala His Glu Gly Pro 275 280 285 Ile Lys Pro Ser Thr Ser Ala Ala Gly Lys Ser Arg Glu Ile Ile Ala 290 295 300 Ala Arg Ala Ala Leu Glu Phe Thr Asp Gly Met Tyr Ala Asn Leu Gly 305 310 315 320 Ile Gly Ile Pro Thr Leu Ala Pro Asn Tyr Ile Pro Asn Gly Phe Thr 325 330 335 Val His Leu Gln Ser Glu Asn Gly Ile Ile Gly Val Gly Pro Tyr Pro 340 345 350 Arg Lys Gly Thr Glu Asp Ala Asp Leu Ile Asn Ala Gly Lys Glu Pro 355 360 365 Ile Thr Leu Leu Lys Gly Ala Ser Ile Val Gly Ser Asp Glu Ser Phe 370 375 380 Ala Met Ile Arg Gly Ser His Met Asp Ile Thr Val Leu Gly Ala Leu 385 390 395 400 Gln Cys Ser Gln Phe Gly Asp Leu Ala Asn Trp Met Ile Pro Gly Lys 405 410 415 Leu Val Lys Gly Met Gly Gly Ala Met Asp Leu Val Ser Ala Pro Gly 420 425 430 Ala Arg Val Ile Val Val Met Glu His Val Ser Lys Asn Gly Glu Pro 435 440 445 Lys Ile Leu Glu His Cys Glu Leu Pro Leu Thr Gly Lys Gly Val Ile 450 455 460 Ser Arg Ile Ile Thr Asp Met Ala Val Phe Asp Val Asp Thr Lys Asn 465 470 475 480 Gly Leu Thr Leu Ile Glu Val Arg Lys Asp Leu Thr Val Asp Asp Ile 485 490 495 Lys Lys Leu Thr Ala Cys Lys Phe Glu Ile Ser Glu Asn Leu Lys Pro 500 505 510 Met Gly Gln Ala Pro Leu Asn Gln Gly 515 520 8 223 PRT Haemophilus influenzae 8 Met Asn Ala Lys Glu Leu Ile Ala Arg Arg Ile Ala Met Glu Leu His 1 5 10 15 Asp Gly Asp Ile Val Asn Leu Gly Ile Gly Leu Pro Thr Gln Val Val 20 25 30 Asn Tyr Leu Pro Asp Asn Val Asn Ile Thr Leu Gln Ser Glu Asn Gly 35 40 45 Phe Leu Gly Leu Thr Ala Phe Asp Pro Glu Asn Ala Asn Ser Asn Leu 50 55 60 Val Asn Ala Gly Gly Gln Pro Cys Gly Ile Lys Lys Gly Gly Ser Thr 65 70 75 80 Phe Asp Ser Ala Phe Ser Phe Ala Leu Ile Arg Gly Gly His Val Asp 85 90 95 Ala Cys Val Leu Gly Gly Leu Glu Val Asp Gln Glu Ala Asn Leu Ala 100 105 110 Asn Trp Met Val Pro Gly Lys Met Val Pro Gly Met Gly Gly Ala Met 115 120 125 Asp Leu Val Thr Gly Ala Lys Lys Val Ile Ile Gly Met Glu His Cys 130 135 140 Ala Lys Ser Gly Ser Ser Lys Ile Leu Lys Lys Cys Thr Leu Pro Leu 145 150 155 160 Thr Ala Ser Lys Lys Val Ala Met Val Val Thr Glu Leu Ala Val Phe 165 170 175 Asn Phe Ile Glu Gly Arg Leu Val Leu Lys Glu His Ala Pro His Val 180 185 190 Asp Leu Glu Thr Ile Lys Ala Lys Thr Glu Ala Asp Phe Ile Val Ala 195 200 205 Asp Asp Phe Lys Glu Met Gln Ile Ser Gln Lys Gly Leu Glu Leu 210 215 220 9 786 DNA Megasphaera elsdenii CDS (1)..(783) 9 gtg aaa act gtg tat act ctc gga atc gac gtt ggt tct tct tct tcc 48 Val Lys Thr Val Tyr Thr Leu Gly Ile Asp Val Gly Ser Ser Ser Ser 1 5 10 15 aag gca gtc atc ctg gaa gat ggc aag aag atc gtc gcc cat gcc gtc 96 Lys Ala Val Ile Leu Glu Asp Gly Lys Lys Ile Val Ala His Ala Val 20 25 30 gtt gaa atc ggc acc ggt tcg acc ggt ccg gaa cgc gtc ctg gac gaa 144 Val Glu Ile Gly Thr Gly Ser Thr Gly Pro Glu Arg Val Leu Asp Glu 35 40 45 gtc ttc aaa gat acc aac tta aaa att gaa gac atg gcg aac atc atc 192 Val Phe Lys Asp Thr Asn Leu Lys Ile Glu Asp Met Ala Asn Ile Ile 50 55 60 gcc aca ggc tat ggc cgt ttc aat gtc gac tgc gcc aaa ggc gaa gtc 240 Ala Thr Gly Tyr Gly Arg Phe Asn Val Asp Cys Ala Lys Gly Glu Val 65 70 75 80 agc gaa atc acg tgc cat gcc aaa ggg gcc ctc ttt gaa tgc ccc ggt 288 Ser Glu Ile Thr Cys His Ala Lys Gly Ala Leu Phe Glu Cys Pro Gly 85 90 95 acg acg acc atc ctc gat atc ggc ggt cag gac gtc aag tcc atc aaa 336 Thr Thr Thr Ile Leu Asp Ile Gly Gly Gln Asp Val Lys Ser Ile Lys 100 105 110 ttg aat ggc cag ggc ctg gtc atg cag ttt gcc atg aac gac aaa tgc 384 Leu Asn Gly Gln Gly Leu Val Met Gln Phe Ala Met Asn Asp Lys Cys 115 120 125 gcc gct ggt acg ggc cgt ttc ctc gac gtc atg tcg aag gta ctg gaa 432 Ala Ala Gly Thr Gly Arg Phe Leu Asp Val Met Ser Lys Val Leu Glu 130 135 140 atc ccc atg tct gaa atg ggg gac tgg tac ttc aaa tcg aag cat ccc 480 Ile Pro Met Ser Glu Met Gly Asp Trp Tyr Phe Lys Ser Lys His Pro 145 150 155 160 gct gcc gtc agc agt acc tgc acg gtt ttt gct gaa tcg gaa gtc att 528 Ala Ala Val Ser Ser Thr Cys Thr Val Phe Ala Glu Ser Glu Val Ile 165 170 175 tcc ctt ctt tcc aag aat gtc ccg aaa gaa gat atc gta gcc ggt gtc 576 Ser Leu Leu Ser Lys Asn Val Pro Lys Glu Asp Ile Val Ala Gly Val 180 185 190 cat cag tcc atc gcc gcc aaa gcc tgc gct ctc gtg cgc cgc gtc ggt 624 His Gln Ser Ile Ala Ala Lys Ala Cys Ala Leu Val Arg Arg Val Gly 195 200 205 gtc ggt gaa gac ctg acc atg acc ggc ggt ggc tcc cgc gat ccc ggc 672 Val Gly Glu Asp Leu Thr Met Thr Gly Gly Gly Ser Arg Asp Pro Gly 210 215 220 gtc gtc gat gcc gta tcg aaa gaa tta ggt att cct gtc aga gtc gct 720 Val Val Asp Ala Val Ser Lys Glu Leu Gly Ile Pro Val Arg Val Ala 225 230 235 240 ctg cat ccc caa gcg gtg ggt gct ctc gga gct gct ttg att gct tat 768 Leu His Pro Gln Ala Val Gly Ala Leu Gly Ala Ala Leu Ile Ala Tyr 245 250 255 gat aaa atc aag aaa taa 786 Asp Lys Ile Lys Lys 260 10 261 PRT Megasphaera elsdenii 10 Val Lys Thr Val Tyr Thr Leu Gly Ile Asp Val Gly Ser Ser Ser Ser 1 5 10 15 Lys Ala Val Ile Leu Glu Asp Gly Lys Lys Ile Val Ala His Ala Val 20 25 30 Val Glu Ile Gly Thr Gly Ser Thr Gly Pro Glu Arg Val Leu Asp Glu 35 40 45 Val Phe Lys Asp Thr Asn Leu Lys Ile Glu Asp Met Ala Asn Ile Ile 50 55 60 Ala Thr Gly Tyr Gly Arg Phe Asn Val Asp Cys Ala Lys Gly Glu Val 65 70 75 80 Ser Glu Ile Thr Cys His Ala Lys Gly Ala Leu Phe Glu Cys Pro Gly 85 90 95 Thr Thr Thr Ile Leu Asp Ile Gly Gly Gln Asp Val Lys Ser Ile Lys 100 105 110 Leu Asn Gly Gln Gly Leu Val Met Gln Phe Ala Met Asn Asp Lys Cys 115 120 125 Ala Ala Gly Thr Gly Arg Phe Leu Asp Val Met Ser Lys Val Leu Glu 130 135 140 Ile Pro Met Ser Glu Met Gly Asp Trp Tyr Phe Lys Ser Lys His Pro 145 150 155 160 Ala Ala Val Ser Ser Thr Cys Thr Val Phe Ala Glu Ser Glu Val Ile 165 170 175 Ser Leu Leu Ser Lys Asn Val Pro Lys Glu Asp Ile Val Ala Gly Val 180 185 190 His Gln Ser Ile Ala Ala Lys Ala Cys Ala Leu Val Arg Arg Val Gly 195 200 205 Val Gly Glu Asp Leu Thr Met Thr Gly Gly Gly Ser Arg Asp Pro Gly 210 215 220 Val Val Asp Ala Val Ser Lys Glu Leu Gly Ile Pro Val Arg Val Ala 225 230 235 240 Leu His Pro Gln Ala Val Gly Ala Leu Gly Ala Ala Leu Ile Ala Tyr 245 250 255 Asp Lys Ile Lys Lys 260 11 783 DNA Acidaminococcus fermentans 11 atgagtatct ataccttggg aatcgatgtt ggatctactg catccaagtg cattatcctg 60 aaagatggaa aagaaatcgt ggcgaaatcc ctggtagccg tggggaccgg aacttccggt 120 cccgcacggt ctatttcgga agtcctggaa aatgcccaca tgaaaaaaga agacatggcc 180 tttaccctgg ctaccggcta cggacgcaat tcgctggaag gcattgccga caagcagatg 240 agcgaactga gctgccatgc catgggcgcc agctttatct ggcccaacgt ccataccgtc 300 atcgatatcg gcgggcagga tgtgaaggtc atccatgtgg aaaacgggac catgaccaat 360 ttccagatga atgataaatg cgctgccggg actggccgtt tcctggatgt tatggccaat 420 atcctggaag tgaaggtttc cgacctggct gagctgggag ccaaatccac caaacgggtg 480 gctatcagct ccacctgtac tgtgtttgca gaaagtgaag tcatcagcca gctgtccaaa 540 ggaaccgaca agatcgacat cattgccggg atccatcgtt ctgtagccag ccgggtcatt 600 ggtcttgcca atcgggtggg gattgtgaaa gacgtggtca tgaccggcgg tgtagcccag 660 aactatggcg tgagaggagc cctggaagaa ggccttggcg tggaaatcaa gacgtctccc 720 ctggctcagt acaacggtgc cctgggtgcc gctctgtatg cgtataaaaa agcagccaaa 780 taa 783 12 774 DNA Escherichia coli 12 gtggcagtgg catattcgat tggcattgat tccggctcaa ccgccaccaa agggatctta 60 ctggcagacg gcgtgattac gcgccgtttc ctcgttccaa ccccctttcg cccggcaaca 120 gcaattactg aagcctggga aactctgcgc gaagggttag agacaacgcc gtttctgacg 180 ctcaccggct acgggcggca actggtggat tttgccgata aacaggtaac ggaaatctcc 240 tgtcacgggc tgggcgcacg gtttcttgcg ccagcaacgc gcgcggtaat cgacatcggt 300 ggtcaggaca gcaaagtgat tcagcttgat gatgacggta acctgtgcga tttcctgatg 360 aatgacaaat gcgcggcggg caccgggcgt ttcctggagg tgatctcgcg cacgcttggc 420 accagcgtcg agcaactcga cagcattacc gaaaatgtca cgccgcacgc catcacgagt 480 atgtgcacag tgtttgctga atcagaagcg atcagcctgc gctcagcggg cgtcgcgcca 540 gaagcgattc tcgcaggagt gattaacgcg atggcgcgga ggagtgccaa tttcattgct 600 cgtctctcct gtgaagcgcc gattctgttt actggtggcg ttagtcattg ccagaagttt 660 gcccggatgc tggaatctca cctgcgaatg ccggtaaata cccatcctga tgcgcaattt 720 gctggcgcaa ttggcgcggc ggtaattggt caacgagtga ggacacgccg atga 774 13 732 DNA Methanocaldococcus jannaschii 13 atgattttag ggatagatgt tggatctaca acaacgaaga tggttctaat ggaagatagc 60 aagataattt ggtataagat agaggatatt ggagttgtta ttgaggaaga tattttatta 120 aaaatggtta aggagattga acaaaaatat ccaatagata aaatcgttgc aactggatat 180 ggaaggcata aggttagttt tgcagataag atagttccag aagttattgc attgggaaaa 240 ggagctaact atttctttaa cgaggcagat ggagttatag acattggagg gcaagataca 300 aaggtcttaa agattgataa aaacggaaaa gttgttgatt ttatcctatc agataaatgt 360 gccgctggaa ctggaaaatt cttagaaaag gcattagata ttttaaaaat tgataaaaat 420 gagataaata aatacaaatc agataatatc gctaaaatat cttcaatgtg tgctgtcttt 480 gctgaaagtg agataataag cttactatca aaaaaagttc caaaggaagg cattttaatg 540 ggcgtctatg agagtataat aaatagggtt atcccaatga ccaataggct taaaattcaa 600 aacatagtgt ttagtggagg agttgctaaa aataaggttt tggttgagat gtttgagaaa 660 aaattgaata aaaaactact aattccaaaa gaaccacaga ttgtttgctg tgttggagct 720 atattggttt aa 732 14 260 PRT Acidaminococcus fermentans 14 Met Ser Ile Tyr Thr Leu Gly Ile Asp Val Gly Ser Thr Ala Ser Lys 1 5 10 15 Cys Ile Ile Leu Lys Asp Gly Lys Glu Ile Val Ala Lys Ser Leu Val 20 25 30 Ala Val Gly Thr Gly Thr Ser Gly Pro Ala Arg Ser Ile Ser Glu Val 35 40 45 Leu Glu Asn Ala His Met Lys Lys Glu Asp Met Ala Phe Thr Leu Ala 50 55 60 Thr Gly Tyr Gly Arg Asn Ser Leu Glu Gly Ile Ala Asp Lys Gln Met 65 70 75 80 Ser Glu Leu Ser Cys His Ala Met Gly Ala Ser Phe Ile Trp Pro Asn 85 90 95 Val His Thr Val Ile Asp Ile Gly Gly Gln Asp Val Lys Val Ile His 100 105 110 Val Glu Asn Gly Thr Met Thr Asn Phe Gln Met Asn Asp Lys Cys Ala 115 120 125 Ala Gly Thr Gly Arg Phe Leu Asp Val Met Ala Asn Ile Leu Glu Val 130 135 140 Lys Val Ser Asp Leu Ala Glu Leu Gly Ala Lys Ser Thr Lys Arg Val 145 150 155 160 Ala Ile Ser Ser Thr Cys Thr Val Phe Ala Glu Ser Glu Val Ile Ser 165 170 175 Gln Leu Ser Lys Gly Thr Asp Lys Ile Asp Ile Ile Ala Gly Ile His 180 185 190 Arg Ser Val Ala Ser Arg Val Ile Gly Leu Ala Asn Arg Val Gly Ile 195 200 205 Val Lys Asp Val Val Met Thr Gly Gly Val Ala Gln Asn Tyr Gly Val 210 215 220 Arg Gly Ala Leu Glu Glu Gly Leu Gly Val Glu Ile Lys Thr Ser Pro 225 230 235 240 Leu Ala Gln Tyr Asn Gly Ala Leu Gly Ala Ala Leu Tyr Ala Tyr Lys 245 250 255 Lys Ala Ala Lys 260 15 257 PRT Escherichia coli 15 Met Ala Val Ala Tyr Ser Ile Gly Ile Asp Ser Gly Ser Thr Ala Thr 1 5 10 15 Lys Gly Ile Leu Leu Ala Asp Gly Val Ile Thr Arg Arg Phe Leu Val 20 25 30 Pro Thr Pro Phe Arg Pro Ala Thr Ala Ile Thr Glu Ala Trp Glu Thr 35 40 45 Leu Arg Glu Gly Leu Glu Thr Thr Pro Phe Leu Thr Leu Thr Gly Tyr 50 55 60 Gly Arg Gln Leu Val Asp Phe Ala Asp Lys Gln Val Thr Glu Ile Ser 65 70 75 80 Cys His Gly Leu Gly Ala Arg Phe Leu Ala Pro Ala Thr Arg Ala Val 85 90 95 Ile Asp Ile Gly Gly Gln Asp Ser Lys Val Ile Gln Leu Asp Asp Asp 100 105 110 Gly Asn Leu Cys Asp Phe Leu Met Asn Asp Lys Cys Ala Ala Gly Thr 115 120 125 Gly Arg Phe Leu Glu Val Ile Ser Arg Thr Leu Gly Thr Ser Val Glu 130 135 140 Gln Leu Asp Ser Ile Thr Glu Asn Val Thr Pro His Ala Ile Thr Ser 145 150 155 160 Met Cys Thr Val Phe Ala Glu Ser Glu Ala Ile Ser Leu Arg Ser Ala 165 170 175 Gly Val Ala Pro Glu Ala Ile Leu Ala Gly Val Ile Asn Ala Met Ala 180 185 190 Arg Arg Ser Ala Asn Phe Ile Ala Arg Leu Ser Cys Glu Ala Pro Ile 195 200 205 Leu Phe Thr Gly Gly Val Ser His Cys Gln Lys Phe Ala Arg Met Leu 210 215 220 Glu Ser His Leu Arg Met Pro Val Asn Thr His Pro Asp Ala Gln Phe 225 230 235 240 Ala Gly Ala Ile Gly Ala Ala Val Ile Gly Gln Arg Val Arg Thr Arg 245 250 255 Arg 16 243 PRT Methanocaldococcus jannaschii 16 Met Ile Leu Gly Ile Asp Val Gly Ser Thr Thr Thr Lys Met Val Leu 1 5 10 15 Met Glu Asp Ser Lys Ile Ile Trp Tyr Lys Ile Glu Asp Ile Gly Val 20 25 30 Val Ile Glu Glu Asp Ile Leu Leu Lys Met Val Lys Glu Ile Glu Gln 35 40 45 Lys Tyr Pro Ile Asp Lys Ile Val Ala Thr Gly Tyr Gly Arg His Lys 50 55 60 Val Ser Phe Ala Asp Lys Ile Val Pro Glu Val Ile Ala Leu Gly Lys 65 70 75 80 Gly Ala Asn Tyr Phe Phe Asn Glu Ala Asp Gly Val Ile Asp Ile Gly 85 90 95 Gly Gln Asp Thr Lys Val Leu Lys Ile Asp Lys Asn Gly Lys Val Val 100 105 110 Asp Phe Ile Leu Ser Asp Lys Cys Ala Ala Gly Thr Gly Lys Phe Leu 115 120 125 Glu Lys Ala Leu Asp Ile Leu Lys Ile Asp Lys Asn Glu Ile Asn Lys 130 135 140 Tyr Lys Ser Asp Asn Ile Ala Lys Ile Ser Ser Met Cys Ala Val Phe 145 150 155 160 Ala Glu Ser Glu Ile Ile Ser Leu Leu Ser Lys Lys Val Pro Lys Glu 165 170 175 Gly Ile Leu Met Gly Val Tyr Glu Ser Ile Ile Asn Arg Val Ile Pro 180 185 190 Met Thr Asn Arg Leu Lys Ile Gln Asn Ile Val Phe Ser Gly Gly Val 195 200 205 Ala Lys Asn Lys Val Leu Val Glu Met Phe Glu Lys Lys Leu Asn Lys 210 215 220 Lys Leu Leu Ile Pro Lys Glu Pro Gln Ile Val Cys Cys Val Gly Ala 225 230 235 240 Ile Leu Val 17 1287 DNA Megasphaera elsdenii CDS (1)..(1284) 17 atg agt gaa gaa aaa aca gta gat att gaa agc atg agc tcc aag gaa 48 Met Ser Glu Glu Lys Thr Val Asp Ile Glu Ser Met Ser Ser Lys Glu 1 5 10 15 gcc ctt ggt tac ttc ttg ccg aaa gtc gat gaa gac gca cgt aaa gcg 96 Ala Leu Gly Tyr Phe Leu Pro Lys Val Asp Glu Asp Ala Arg Lys Ala 20 25 30 aaa aaa gaa ggc cgc ctc gtt tgc tgg tcc gct tct gtc gct cct ccg 144 Lys Lys Glu Gly Arg Leu Val Cys Trp Ser Ala Ser Val Ala Pro Pro 35 40 45 gaa ttc tgc acg gct atg gac atc gcc atc gtc tat ccg gaa act cac 192 Glu Phe Cys Thr Ala Met Asp Ile Ala Ile Val Tyr Pro Glu Thr His 50 55 60 gca gct ggt atc ggt gcc cgt cac ggt gct ccg gcc atg ctc gaa gtt 240 Ala Ala Gly Ile Gly Ala Arg His Gly Ala Pro Ala Met Leu Glu Val 65 70 75 80 gct gaa aac aaa ggt tac aac cag gac atc tgt tcc tac tgc cgc gtc 288 Ala Glu Asn Lys Gly Tyr Asn Gln Asp Ile Cys Ser Tyr Cys Arg Val 85 90 95 aac atg ggc tac atg gaa ctc ctc aaa cag cag gct ctg aca ggc gaa 336 Asn Met Gly Tyr Met Glu Leu Leu Lys Gln Gln Ala Leu Thr Gly Glu 100 105 110 acg ccg gaa gtc ctc aaa aac tcc ccg gct tct ccg att ccc ctt ccg 384 Thr Pro Glu Val Leu Lys Asn Ser Pro Ala Ser Pro Ile Pro Leu Pro 115 120 125 gat gtt gtc ctc act tgc aac aac atc tgc aat acc ttg ctc aaa tgg 432 Asp Val Val Leu Thr Cys Asn Asn Ile Cys Asn Thr Leu Leu Lys Trp 130 135 140 tat gaa aac ttg gct aaa gaa ttg aac gta cct ctc atc aac atc gac 480 Tyr Glu Asn Leu Ala Lys Glu Leu Asn Val Pro Leu Ile Asn Ile Asp 145 150 155 160 gta ccg ttc aac cat gaa ttc cct gtt acg aaa cac gct aaa cag tac 528 Val Pro Phe Asn His Glu Phe Pro Val Thr Lys His Ala Lys Gln Tyr 165 170 175 atc gtc ggc gaa ttc aaa cat gct atc aaa cag ctc gaa gac ctt tgc 576 Ile Val Gly Glu Phe Lys His Ala Ile Lys Gln Leu Glu Asp Leu Cys 180 185 190 ggc cgt ccc ttc gac tat gac aaa ttc ttc gaa gta cag aaa cag aca 624 Gly Arg Pro Phe Asp Tyr Asp Lys Phe Phe Glu Val Gln Lys Gln Thr 195 200 205 cag cgc tcc atc gct gcc tgg aac aaa atc gct acg tac ttc cag tac 672 Gln Arg Ser Ile Ala Ala Trp Asn Lys Ile Ala Thr Tyr Phe Gln Tyr 210 215 220 aaa ccg tcg ccg ctc aac ggc ttc gac ctc ttc aac tac atg ggc ctc 720 Lys Pro Ser Pro Leu Asn Gly Phe Asp Leu Phe Asn Tyr Met Gly Leu 225 230 235 240 gcc gtt gct gcc cgc tcc ttg aac tac tcg gaa atc acg ttc aac aaa 768 Ala Val Ala Ala Arg Ser Leu Asn Tyr Ser Glu Ile Thr Phe Asn Lys 245 250 255 ttc ctc aaa gaa ttg gac gaa aaa gta gct aat aag aaa tgg gct ttc 816 Phe Leu Lys Glu Leu Asp Glu Lys Val Ala Asn Lys Lys Trp Ala Phe 260 265 270 ggt gaa aac gaa aaa tcc cgt gtt act tgg gaa ggt atc gct gtc tgg 864 Gly Glu Asn Glu Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Trp Glu Gly Ile Ala Val Trp 275 280 285 atc gct ctc ggc cac acc ttc aaa gaa ctc aaa ggt cag ggc gct ctc 912 Ile Ala Leu Gly His Thr Phe Lys Glu Leu Lys Gly Gln Gly Ala Leu 290 295 300 atg act ggt tcc gct tat cct ggc atg tgg gac gtt tcc tac gaa ccg 960 Met Thr Gly Ser Ala Tyr Pro Gly Met Trp Asp Val Ser Tyr Glu Pro 305 310 315 320 ggc gac ctc gaa tcc atg gca gaa gct tat tcc cgt aca tac atc aac 1008 Gly Asp Leu Glu Ser Met Ala Glu Ala Tyr Ser Arg Thr Tyr Ile Asn 325 330 335 tgc tgc ctc gaa cag cgc ggt gct gtt ctt gaa aaa gtt gtc cgc gat 1056 Cys Cys Leu Glu Gln Arg Gly Ala Val Leu Glu Lys Val Val Arg Asp 340 345 350 ggc aaa tgc gac ggc ttg atc atg cac cag aac cgt tcc tgc aag aac 1104 Gly Lys Cys Asp Gly Leu Ile Met His Gln Asn Arg Ser Cys Lys Asn 355 360 365 atg agc ctc ctc aac aac gaa ggc ggc cag cgc atc cag aag aac ctc 1152 Met Ser Leu Leu Asn Asn Glu Gly Gly Gln Arg Ile Gln Lys Asn Leu 370 375 380 ggc gta ccg tac gtc atc ttc gac ggc gac cag acc gat gct cgt aac 1200 Gly Val Pro Tyr Val Ile Phe Asp Gly Asp Gln Thr Asp Ala Arg Asn 385 390 395 400 ttc tcg gaa gca cag ttc gat acc cgc gta gaa gct ttg gca gaa atg 1248 Phe Ser Glu Ala Gln Phe Asp Thr Arg Val Glu Ala Leu Ala Glu Met 405 410 415 atg gca gac aaa aaa gcc aat gaa gga gga aac cac taa 1287 Met Ala Asp Lys Lys Ala Asn Glu Gly Gly Asn His 420 425 18 428 PRT Megasphaera elsdenii 18 Met Ser Glu Glu Lys Thr Val Asp Ile Glu Ser Met Ser Ser Lys Glu 1 5 10 15 Ala Leu Gly Tyr Phe Leu Pro Lys Val Asp Glu Asp Ala Arg Lys Ala 20 25 30 Lys Lys Glu Gly Arg Leu Val Cys Trp Ser Ala Ser Val Ala Pro Pro 35 40 45 Glu Phe Cys Thr Ala Met Asp Ile Ala Ile Val Tyr Pro Glu Thr His 50 55 60 Ala Ala Gly Ile Gly Ala Arg His Gly Ala Pro Ala Met Leu Glu Val 65 70 75 80 Ala Glu Asn Lys Gly Tyr Asn Gln Asp Ile Cys Ser Tyr Cys Arg Val 85 90 95 Asn Met Gly Tyr Met Glu Leu Leu Lys Gln Gln Ala Leu Thr Gly Glu 100 105 110 Thr Pro Glu Val Leu Lys Asn Ser Pro Ala Ser Pro Ile Pro Leu Pro 115 120 125 Asp Val Val Leu Thr Cys Asn Asn Ile Cys Asn Thr Leu Leu Lys Trp 130 135 140 Tyr Glu Asn Leu Ala Lys Glu Leu Asn Val Pro Leu Ile Asn Ile Asp 145 150 155 160 Val Pro Phe Asn His Glu Phe Pro Val Thr Lys His Ala Lys Gln Tyr 165 170 175 Ile Val Gly Glu Phe Lys His Ala Ile Lys Gln Leu Glu Asp Leu Cys 180 185 190 Gly Arg Pro Phe Asp Tyr Asp Lys Phe Phe Glu Val Gln Lys Gln Thr 195 200 205 Gln Arg Ser Ile Ala Ala Trp Asn Lys Ile Ala Thr Tyr Phe Gln Tyr 210 215 220 Lys Pro Ser Pro Leu Asn Gly Phe Asp Leu Phe Asn Tyr Met Gly Leu 225 230 235 240 Ala Val Ala Ala Arg Ser Leu Asn Tyr Ser Glu Ile Thr Phe Asn Lys 245 250 255 Phe Leu Lys Glu Leu Asp Glu Lys Val Ala Asn Lys Lys Trp Ala Phe 260 265 270 Gly Glu Asn Glu Lys Ser Arg Val Thr Trp Glu Gly Ile Ala Val Trp 275 280 285 Ile Ala Leu Gly His Thr Phe Lys Glu Leu Lys Gly Gln Gly Ala Leu 290 295 300 Met Thr Gly Ser Ala Tyr Pro Gly Met Trp Asp Val Ser Tyr Glu Pro 305 310 315 320 Gly Asp Leu Glu Ser Met Ala Glu Ala Tyr Ser Arg Thr Tyr Ile Asn 325 330 335 Cys Cys Leu Glu Gln Arg Gly Ala Val Leu Glu Lys Val Val Arg Asp 340 345 350 Gly Lys Cys Asp Gly Leu Ile Met His Gln Asn Arg Ser Cys Lys Asn 355 360 365 Met Ser Leu Leu Asn Asn Glu Gly Gly Gln Arg Ile Gln Lys Asn Leu 370 375 380 Gly Val Pro Tyr Val Ile Phe Asp Gly Asp Gln Thr Asp Ala Arg Asn 385 390 395 400 Phe Ser Glu Ala Gln Phe Asp Thr Arg Val Glu Ala Leu Ala Glu Met 405 410 415 Met Ala Asp Lys Lys Ala Asn Glu Gly Gly Asn His 420 425 19 1434 DNA Acidaminococcus fermentans 19 atgccaaaga cagtaagccc tggcgttcag gcattgagag atgtagttga aaaggtttac 60 agagaactgc gggaaccgaa agaaagagga gaaaaagtag gctggtcctc ttccaagttc 120 ccctgcgaac tggctgaatc ttttcggctg catgttgggt atccggaaaa ccaggctgct 180 ggtatcgctg ccaaccgtga cggcgaagtg atgtgccagg ctgcagaaga tatcggttat 240 gacaacgata tctgcggcta tgcccgtatt tccctggctt atgctgccgg gttccggggt 300 gccaacaaaa tggacaaaga tggcaactat gtcatcaacc cccacagcgg caaacagatg 360 aaagatgcca atggcaaaaa ggtattcgac gcagatggca aacccgtaat cgatcccaag 420 accctgaaac cctttgccac caccgacaac atctatgaaa tcgctgctct gccggaaggg 480 gaagaaaaga cccgccgcca gaatgccctg cacaaatatc gtcagatgac catgcccatg 540 ccggacttcg tgctgtgctg caacaacatc tgcaactgca tgaccaaatg gtatgaagac 600 attgcccgtc ggcacaacat tcctttgatc atgatcgacg ttccttacaa cgaattcgac 660 catgtcaacg aagccaacgt gaaatacatc cggtcccagc tggatacggc catccgtcaa 720 atggaagaaa tcaccggcaa gaagttcgat gaagacaaat tcgaacagtg ctgccagaac 780 gccaaccgta ctgccaaagc atggctgaag gtttgcgact acctgcagta caaaccggct 840 ccgttcaacg ggttcgacct gttcaaccat atggctgacg tggttaccgc ccgtggccgt 900 gtggaagctg ctgaagcttt cgaactgctg gccaaggaac tggaacagca tgtgaaggaa 960 ggcaccacca ccgctccctt caaagaacag catcgtatca tgttcgaagg gatcccctgc 1020 tggccgaaac tgccgaacct gttcaaaccg ctgaaagcca acggcctgaa catcaccggc 1080 gttgtatatg ctcctgcttt cgggttcgtg tacaacaacc tggacgaatt ggtcaaagcc 1140 tactgcaaag ccccgaactc cgtcagcatc gaacagggtg ttgcctggcg tgaaggcctg 1200 atccgcgaca acaaggttga cggcgtactg gttcactaca accggtcctg caaaccctgg 1260 agcggctaca tgcctgaaat gcagcgtcgt ttcaccaaag acatgggtat ccccactgct 1320 ggattcgacg gtgaccaggc tgacccgaga aacttcaacg cggctcagta tgagacccgt 1380 gttcagggct tggtcgaagc catggaagca aatgatgaaa agaaggggaa ataa 1434 20 1122 DNA Methanocaldococcus jannaschii 20 atgatgaaat taaaggcaat tgaaaagttg atgcaaaaat tcgccagtag aaaagaacag 60 ctatataagc aaaaagaaga aggtagaaaa gtttttggaa tgttctgtgc ctatgttcca 120 atagaaataa ttttagcagc aaatgcaatc ccagttggtt tgtgtggagg taaaaatgac 180 acaatcccaa tagcagagga ggatttgcca agaaacctat gcccattaat aaaatcatcc 240 tatggtttta agaaggcaaa aacctgccct tactttgaag catctgatat agttattgga 300 gaaactacct gtgaaggaaa gaagaagatg tttgagttga tggagagatt ggtgccaatg 360 catataatgc acctcccaca catgaaagat gaagattctt tgaaaatctg gattaaagaa 420 gttgaaaagc taaaagaatt ggttgagaaa gagactggaa ataaaataac agaggaaaag 480 ttaaaagaga cagttgataa agtaaataaa gttagggagt tgttttataa actctatgaa 540 ttgaggaaga ataaaccagc tccaattaag ggtttagatg ttttaaaatt attccagttt 600 gcctatttat tggatattga tgacacaata gggattttag aggatttaat tgaggagtta 660 gaggagagag ttaaaaaagg agaaggttat gaaggaaaga gaattttaat aactggctgt 720 ccaatggttg ctggaaacaa taagattgtt gaaattattg aggaagttgg aggagtagtt 780 gttggtgaag aaagctgcac tggaacaaga ttctttgaaa actttgttga gggctatagc 840 gtagaggaca ttgcaaaaag atactttaaa atcccatgtg cttgtagatt taaaaacgat 900 gagagagttg aaaatataaa gagattggtt aaagagttgg acgtcgatgg agttgtttat 960 tacactttgc agtattgcca tacatttaac atagagggag ctaaggtaga ggaggcatta 1020 aaagaggagg gcattccaat tataagaatt gaaactgact attctgaaag tgatagagag 1080 cagttaaaaa caaggttgga ggcatttatt gagatgattt aa 1122 21 1152 DNA Escherichia coli 21 atgtcacttg tcaccgatct acccgccatt ttcgatcagt tctctgaagc tcgccagaca 60 ggctttctca ccgtcatgga tctcaaggag cgcggcattc cgctggttgg cacttactgc 120 acctttatgc cgcaagagat cccgatggca gccggtgcgg ttgtggtttc gctctgttcc 180 acctctgatg aaaccattga agaagcggag aaagatctgc cgcgcaacct ctgcccgctg 240 attaaaagca gctacggctt cggcaaaacc gataaatgcc cctacttcta cttttcggat 300 ctggtggtcg gtgaaaccac ctgcgacggc aaaaagaaaa tgtatgaata catggcggag 360 tttaagcctg ttcatgtgat gcaattgccc aacagcgtta aggacgatgc ctcgcgtgcg 420 ttatggaaag ccgagatgct gcgcttgcaa aaaacggtag aagaacgttt tgggcacgag 480 attagcgaag atgctctgcg cgatgccatt gcgctgaaaa accgcgaacg tcgcgcactg 540 gctaattttt atcatcttgg gcagttaaat cctccggcgc ttagcggcag cgacattctg 600 aaagtggttt acggcgcaac cttccggttc gataaagagg cgttgatcaa tgaactggat 660 gcaatgaccg cccgcgttcg tcagcagtgg gaagaaggcc agcgactgga cccgcgtccg 720 cgcattttaa tcaccggctg cccgattggc ggcgcagcag aaaaagtggt gcgcgcgatt 780 gaagagaatg gcggctgggt tgtcggttat gaaaactgca ccggggcgaa agcgaccgag 840 caatgcgtgg cagaaacggg cgatgtctac gacgcgctgg cggataaata tctggcgatt 900 ggctgctcct gtgtttcgcc gaacgatcag cgcctgaaaa tgctcagcca gatggtggag 960 gaatatcagg tcgatggcgt agttgatgtg attttgcagg cgtgccatac ctacgcggtg 1020 gaatcgctgg cgattaaacg tcatgtgcgc cagcagcaca acattcctta tatcgctatt 1080 gaaacagact actccacctc ggatgtcggg cagctcagta cccgtgtcgc ggcctttatt 1140 gagatgctgt aa 1152 22 477 PRT Acidaminococcus fermentans 22 Met Pro Lys Thr Val Ser Pro Gly Val Gln Ala Leu Arg Asp Val Val 1 5 10 15 Glu Lys Val Tyr Arg Glu Leu Arg Glu Pro Lys Glu Arg Gly Glu Lys 20 25 30 Val Gly Trp Ser Ser Ser Lys Phe Pro Cys Glu Leu Ala Glu Ser Phe 35 40 45 Arg Leu His Val Gly Tyr Pro Glu Asn Gln Ala Ala Gly Ile Ala Ala 50 55 60 Asn Arg Asp Gly Glu Val Met Cys Gln Ala Ala Glu Asp Ile Gly Tyr 65 70 75 80 Asp Asn Asp Ile Cys Gly Tyr Ala Arg Ile Ser Leu Ala Tyr Ala Ala 85 90 95 Gly Phe Arg Gly Ala Asn Lys Met Asp Lys Asp Gly Asn Tyr Val Ile 100 105 110 Asn Pro His Ser Gly Lys Gln Met Lys Asp Ala Asn Gly Lys Lys Val 115 120 125 Phe Asp Ala Asp Gly Lys Pro Val Ile Asp Pro Lys Thr Leu Lys Pro 130 135 140 Phe Ala Thr Thr Asp Asn Ile Tyr Glu Ile Ala Ala Leu Pro Glu Gly 145 150 155 160 Glu Glu Lys Thr Arg Arg Gln Asn Ala Leu His Lys Tyr Arg Gln Met 165 170 175 Thr Met Pro Met Pro Asp Phe Val Leu Cys Cys Asn Asn Ile Cys Asn 180 185 190 Cys Met Thr Lys Trp Tyr Glu Asp Ile Ala Arg Arg His Asn Ile Pro 195 200 205 Leu Ile Met Ile Asp Val Pro Tyr Asn Glu Phe Asp His Val Asn Glu 210 215 220 Ala Asn Val Lys Tyr Ile Arg Ser Gln Leu Asp Thr Ala Ile Arg Gln 225 230 235 240 Met Glu Glu Ile Thr Gly Lys Lys Phe Asp Glu Asp Lys Phe Glu Gln 245 250 255 Cys Cys Gln Asn Ala Asn Arg Thr Ala Lys Ala Trp Leu Lys Val Cys 260 265 270 Asp Tyr Leu Gln Tyr Lys Pro Ala Pro Phe Asn Gly Phe Asp Leu Phe 275 280 285 Asn His Met Ala Asp Val Val Thr Ala Arg Gly Arg Val Glu Ala Ala 290 295 300 Glu Ala Phe Glu Leu Leu Ala Lys Glu Leu Glu Gln His Val Lys Glu 305 310 315 320 Gly Thr Thr Thr Ala Pro Phe Lys Glu Gln His Arg Ile Met Phe Glu 325 330 335 Gly Ile Pro Cys Trp Pro Lys Leu Pro Asn Leu Phe Lys Pro Leu Lys 340 345 350 Ala Asn Gly Leu Asn Ile Thr Gly Val Val Tyr Ala Pro Ala Phe Gly 355 360 365 Phe Val Tyr Asn Asn Leu Asp Glu Leu Val Lys Ala Tyr Cys Lys Ala 370 375 380 Pro Asn Ser Val Ser Ile Glu Gln Gly Val Ala Trp Arg Glu Gly Leu 385 390 395 400 Ile Arg Asp Asn Lys Val Asp Gly Val Leu Val His Tyr Asn Arg Ser 405 410 415 Cys Lys Pro Trp Ser Gly Tyr Met Pro Glu Met Gln Arg Arg Phe Thr 420 425 430 Lys Asp Met Gly Ile Pro Thr Ala Gly Phe Asp Gly Asp Gln Ala Asp 435 440 445 Pro Arg Asn Phe Asn Ala Ala Gln Tyr Glu Thr Arg Val Gln Gly Leu 450 455 460 Val Glu Ala Met Glu Ala Asn Asp Glu Lys Lys Gly Lys 465 470 475 23 373 PRT Methanocaldococcus jannaschii 23 Met Met Lys Leu Lys Ala Ile Glu Lys Leu Met Gln Lys Phe Ala Ser 1 5 10 15 Arg Lys Glu Gln Leu Tyr Lys Gln Lys Glu Glu Gly Arg Lys Val Phe 20 25 30 Gly Met Phe Cys Ala Tyr Val Pro Ile Glu Ile Ile Leu Ala Ala Asn 35 40 45 Ala Ile Pro Val Gly Leu Cys Gly Gly Lys Asn Asp Thr Ile Pro Ile 50 55 60 Ala Glu Glu Asp Leu Pro Arg Asn Leu Cys Pro Leu Ile Lys Ser Ser 65 70 75 80 Tyr Gly Phe Lys Lys Ala Lys Thr Cys Pro Tyr Phe Glu Ala Ser Asp 85 90 95 Ile Val Ile Gly Glu Thr Thr Cys Glu Gly Lys Lys Lys Met Phe Glu 100 105 110 Leu Met Glu Arg Leu Val Pro Met His Ile Met His Leu Pro His Met 115 120 125 Lys Asp Glu Asp Ser Leu Lys Ile Trp Ile Lys Glu Val Glu Lys Leu 130 135 140 Lys Glu Leu Val Glu Lys Glu Thr Gly Asn Lys Ile Thr Glu Glu Lys 145 150 155 160 Leu Lys Glu Thr Val Asp Lys Val Asn Lys Val Arg Glu Leu Phe Tyr 165 170 175 Lys Leu Tyr Glu Leu Arg Lys Asn Lys Pro Ala Pro Ile Lys Gly Leu 180 185 190 Asp Val Leu Lys Leu Phe Gln Phe Ala Tyr Leu Leu Asp Ile Asp Asp 195 200 205 Thr Ile Gly Ile Leu Glu Asp Leu Ile Glu Glu Leu Glu Glu Arg Val 210 215 220 Lys Lys Gly Glu Gly Tyr Glu Gly Lys Arg Ile Leu Ile Thr Gly Cys 225 230 235 240 Pro Met Val Ala Gly Asn Asn Lys Ile Val Glu Ile Ile Glu Glu Val 245 250 255 Gly Gly Val Val Val Gly Glu Glu Ser Cys Thr Gly Thr Arg Phe Phe 260 265 270 Glu Asn Phe Val Glu Gly Tyr Ser Val Glu Asp Ile Ala Lys Arg Tyr 275 280 285 Phe Lys Ile Pro Cys Ala Cys Arg Phe Lys Asn Asp Glu Arg Val Glu 290 295 300 Asn Ile Lys Arg Leu Val Lys Glu Leu Asp Val Asp Gly Val Val Tyr 305 310 315 320 Tyr Thr Leu Gln Tyr Cys His Thr Phe Asn Ile Glu Gly Ala Lys Val 325 330 335 Glu Glu Ala Leu Lys Glu Glu Gly Ile Pro Ile Ile Arg Ile Glu Thr 340 345 350 Asp Tyr Ser Glu Ser Asp Arg Glu Gln Leu Lys Thr Arg Leu Glu Ala 355 360 365 Phe Ile Glu Met Ile 370 24 383 PRT Methanocaldococcus jannaschii 24 Met Ser Leu Val Thr Asp Leu Pro Ala Ile Phe Asp Gln Phe Ser Glu 1 5 10 15 Ala Arg Gln Thr Gly Phe Leu Thr Val Met Asp Leu Lys Glu Arg Gly 20 25 30 Ile Pro Leu Val Gly Thr Tyr Cys Thr Phe Met Pro Gln Glu Ile Pro 35 40 45 Met Ala Ala Gly Ala Val Val Val Ser Leu Cys Ser Thr Ser Asp Glu 50 55 60 Thr Ile Glu Glu Ala Glu Lys Asp Leu Pro Arg Asn Leu Cys Pro Leu 65 70 75 80 Ile Lys Ser Ser Tyr Gly Phe Gly Lys Thr Asp Lys Cys Pro Tyr Phe 85 90 95 Tyr Phe Ser Asp Leu Val Val Gly Glu Thr Thr Cys Asp Gly Lys Lys 100 105 110 Lys Met Tyr Glu Tyr Met Ala Glu Phe Lys Pro Val His Val Met Gln 115 120 125 Leu Pro Asn Ser Val Lys Asp Asp Ala Ser Arg Ala Leu Trp Lys Ala 130 135 140 Glu Met Leu Arg Leu Gln Lys Thr Val Glu Glu Arg Phe Gly His Glu 145 150 155 160 Ile Ser Glu Asp Ala Leu Arg Asp Ala Ile Ala Leu Lys Asn Arg Glu 165 170 175 Arg Arg Ala Leu Ala Asn Phe Tyr His Leu Gly Gln Leu Asn Pro Pro 180 185 190 Ala Leu Ser Gly Ser Asp Ile Leu Lys Val Val Tyr Gly Ala Thr Phe 195 200 205 Arg Phe Asp Lys Glu Ala Leu Ile Asn Glu Leu Asp Ala Met Thr Ala 210 215 220 Arg Val Arg Gln Gln Trp Glu Glu Gly Gln Arg Leu Asp Pro Arg Pro 225 230 235 240 Arg Ile Leu Ile Thr Gly Cys Pro Ile Gly Gly Ala Ala Glu Lys Val 245 250 255 Val Arg Ala Ile Glu Glu Asn Gly Gly Trp Val Val Gly Tyr Glu Asn 260 265 270 Cys Thr Gly Ala Lys Ala Thr Glu Gln Cys Val Ala Glu Thr Gly Asp 275 280 285 Val Tyr Asp Ala Leu Ala Asp Lys Tyr Leu Ala Ile Gly Cys Ser Cys 290 295 300 Val Ser Pro Asn Asp Gln Arg Leu Lys Met Leu Ser Gln Met Val Glu 305 310 315 320 Glu Tyr Gln Val Asp Gly Val Val Asp Val Ile Leu Gln Ala Cys His 325 330 335 Thr Tyr Ala Val Glu Ser Leu Ala Ile Lys Arg His Val Arg Gln Gln 340 345 350 His Asn Ile Pro Tyr Ile Ala Ile Glu Thr Asp Tyr Ser Thr Ser Asp 355 360 365 Val Gly Gln Leu Ser Thr Arg Val Ala Ala Phe Ile Glu Met Leu 370 375 380 25 1119 DNA Megasphaera elsdenii CDS (1)..(1116) 25 atg agt cag atc gac gaa ctt atc agc aaa tta cag gaa gta tcc aac 48 Met Ser Gln Ile Asp Glu Leu Ile Ser Lys Leu Gln Glu Val Ser Asn 1 5 10 15 cat ccc cag aag acg gtt ttg aat tat aaa aaa cag ggt aaa ggc ctc 96 His Pro Gln Lys Thr Val Leu Asn Tyr Lys Lys Gln Gly Lys Gly Leu 20 25 30 gta ggc atg atg ccc tac tac gct ccg gaa gaa atc gta tat gct gca 144 Val Gly Met Met Pro Tyr Tyr Ala Pro Glu Glu Ile Val Tyr Ala Ala 35 40 45 ggc tac ctc ccg gta ggc atg ttc ggt tcc cag aac ccg cag atc tcc 192 Gly Tyr Leu Pro Val Gly Met Phe Gly Ser Gln Asn Pro Gln Ile Ser 50 55 60 gca gct cgt acg tac ctt cct ccg ttc gct tgc tcc ttg atg cag gct 240 Ala Ala Arg Thr Tyr Leu Pro Pro Phe Ala Cys Ser Leu Met Gln Ala 65 70 75 80 gac atg gaa ctc cag ctc aac ggc acc tat gac tgc ctc gac gct gtt 288 Asp Met Glu Leu Gln Leu Asn Gly Thr Tyr Asp Cys Leu Asp Ala Val 85 90 95 atc ttc tcc gtt cct tgc gac act ctc cgc tgc atg agc cag aaa tgg 336 Ile Phe Ser Val Pro Cys Asp Thr Leu Arg Cys Met Ser Gln Lys Trp 100 105 110 cac ggc aaa gct ccg gtc atc gtc ttc aca cag ccg cag aac cgt aag 384 His Gly Lys Ala Pro Val Ile Val Phe Thr Gln Pro Gln Asn Arg Lys 115 120 125 atc cgc ccg gct gtc gat ttc ctc aaa gct gaa tac gaa cat gtc cgt 432 Ile Arg Pro Ala Val Asp Phe Leu Lys Ala Glu Tyr Glu His Val Arg 130 135 140 acg gaa ttg gga cgt atc ctc aac gta aaa atc tcc gac ctg gct atc 480 Thr Glu Leu Gly Arg Ile Leu Asn Val Lys Ile Ser Asp Leu Ala Ile 145 150 155 160 cag gaa gct atc aaa gta tat aac gaa aac cgt cag gtt atg cgt gaa 528 Gln Glu Ala Ile Lys Val Tyr Asn Glu Asn Arg Gln Val Met Arg Glu 165 170 175 ttc tgc gac gta gct gct cag tac ccg cag atc ttc act ccg ata aaa 576 Phe Cys Asp Val Ala Ala Gln Tyr Pro Gln Ile Phe Thr Pro Ile Lys 180 185 190 cgt cat gac gtc atc aaa gcc cgc tgg ttc atg gac aaa gct gaa cac 624 Arg His Asp Val Ile Lys Ala Arg Trp Phe Met Asp Lys Ala Glu His 195 200 205 acc gct ttg gtc cgc gaa ctc atc gac gct gtc aag aaa gaa ccg gta 672 Thr Ala Leu Val Arg Glu Leu Ile Asp Ala Val Lys Lys Glu Pro Val 210 215 220 cag ccg tgg aat ggc aaa aaa gtc atc ctc tcc ggt atc atg gca gaa 720 Gln Pro Trp Asn Gly Lys Lys Val Ile Leu Ser Gly Ile Met Ala Glu 225 230 235 240 ccg gat gaa ttc ctc gat atc ttc agc gaa ttc aac atc gct gtc gtc 768 Pro Asp Glu Phe Leu Asp Ile Phe Ser Glu Phe Asn Ile Ala Val Val 245 250 255 gct gac gac ctc gct cag gaa tcc cgc cag ttc cgt aca gac gta ccg 816 Ala Asp Asp Leu Ala Gln Glu Ser Arg Gln Phe Arg Thr Asp Val Pro 260 265 270 tcc ggc atc gat ccc ctc gaa cag ctc gct cag cag tgg cag gac ttc 864 Ser Gly Ile Asp Pro Leu Glu Gln Leu Ala Gln Gln Trp Gln Asp Phe 275 280 285 gat ggc tgc ccg ctc gct ttg aac gaa gac aaa ccg cgt ggc cag atg 912 Asp Gly Cys Pro Leu Ala Leu Asn Glu Asp Lys Pro Arg Gly Gln Met 290 295 300 ctc atc gac atg act aag aaa tac aat gct gac gcc gtc gtc atc tgc 960 Leu Ile Asp Met Thr Lys Lys Tyr Asn Ala Asp Ala Val Val Ile Cys 305 310 315 320 atg atg cgt ttc tgc gat cct gaa gaa ttc gac tat ccg att tac aaa 1008 Met Met Arg Phe Cys Asp Pro Glu Glu Phe Asp Tyr Pro Ile Tyr Lys 325 330 335 ccg gaa ttt gaa gct gct ggc gtt cgt tac acg gtc ctc gac ctc gac 1056 Pro Glu Phe Glu Ala Ala Gly Val Arg Tyr Thr Val Leu Asp Leu Asp 340 345 350 atc gaa tct ccg tcc ctc gaa cag ctc cgc acc cgt atc cag gct ttc 1104 Ile Glu Ser Pro Ser Leu Glu Gln Leu Arg Thr Arg Ile Gln Ala Phe 355 360 365 tcg gaa atc ctc taa 1119 Ser Glu Ile Leu 370 26 372 PRT Megasphaera elsdenii 26 Met Ser Gln Ile Asp Glu Leu Ile Ser Lys Leu Gln Glu Val Ser Asn 1 5 10 15 His Pro Gln Lys Thr Val Leu Asn Tyr Lys Lys Gln Gly Lys Gly Leu 20 25 30 Val Gly Met Met Pro Tyr Tyr Ala Pro Glu Glu Ile Val Tyr Ala Ala 35 40 45 Gly Tyr Leu Pro Val Gly Met Phe Gly Ser Gln Asn Pro Gln Ile Ser 50 55 60 Ala Ala Arg Thr Tyr Leu Pro Pro Phe Ala Cys Ser Leu Met Gln Ala 65 70 75 80 Asp Met Glu Leu Gln Leu Asn Gly Thr Tyr Asp Cys Leu Asp Ala Val 85 90 95 Ile Phe Ser Val Pro Cys Asp Thr Leu Arg Cys Met Ser Gln Lys Trp 100 105 110 His Gly Lys Ala Pro Val Ile Val Phe Thr Gln Pro Gln Asn Arg Lys 115 120 125 Ile Arg Pro Ala Val Asp Phe Leu Lys Ala Glu Tyr Glu His Val Arg 130 135 140 Thr Glu Leu Gly Arg Ile Leu Asn Val Lys Ile Ser Asp Leu Ala Ile 145 150 155 160 Gln Glu Ala Ile Lys Val Tyr Asn Glu Asn Arg Gln Val Met Arg Glu 165 170 175 Phe Cys Asp Val Ala Ala Gln Tyr Pro Gln Ile Phe Thr Pro Ile Lys 180 185 190 Arg His Asp Val Ile Lys Ala Arg Trp Phe Met Asp Lys Ala Glu His 195 200 205 Thr Ala Leu Val Arg Glu Leu Ile Asp Ala Val Lys Lys Glu Pro Val 210 215 220 Gln Pro Trp Asn Gly Lys Lys Val Ile Leu Ser Gly Ile Met Ala Glu 225 230 235 240 Pro Asp Glu Phe Leu Asp Ile Phe Ser Glu Phe Asn Ile Ala Val Val 245 250 255 Ala Asp Asp Leu Ala Gln Glu Ser Arg Gln Phe Arg Thr Asp Val Pro 260 265 270 Ser Gly Ile Asp Pro Leu Glu Gln Leu Ala Gln Gln Trp Gln Asp Phe 275 280 285 Asp Gly Cys Pro Leu Ala Leu Asn Glu Asp Lys Pro Arg Gly Gln Met 290 295 300 Leu Ile Asp Met Thr Lys Lys Tyr Asn Ala Asp Ala Val Val Ile Cys 305 310 315 320 Met Met Arg Phe Cys Asp Pro Glu Glu Phe Asp Tyr Pro Ile Tyr Lys 325 330 335 Pro Glu Phe Glu Ala Ala Gly Val Arg Tyr Thr Val Leu Asp Leu Asp 340 345 350 Ile Glu Ser Pro Ser Leu Glu Gln Leu Arg Thr Arg Ile Gln Ala Phe 355 360 365 Ser Glu Ile Leu 370 27 1140 DNA Acidaminococcus fermentans 27 atggctatca gtgcacttat tgaagagttc caaaaagtat ctgccagccc gaagaccatg 60 ctggccaaat ataaagccca gggcaaaaaa gccatcggct gcctgccgta ctatgttccg 120 gaagaactgg tctatgctgc aggcatggtt cccatgggtg tatggggctg caatggcaaa 180 caggaagtcc gttccaagga atactgtgct tccttctact gcaccattgc ccagcagtct 240 ctggaaatgc tgctggacgg gaccctggat gggttggacg ggatcatcac tccggtactg 300 tgtgataccc tgcgtcccat gagccagaac ttcaaagtgg ccatgaaaga caagatgccg 360 gttattttcc tggctcatcc ccaggtccgt cagaatgccg ccggcaagca gttcacctat 420 gatgcctaca gcgaagtgaa aggccatctg gaagaaatct gcggccatga aatcaccaat 480 gatgccatcc tggatgccat caaagtgtac aacaagagcc gtgctgcccg ccgcgaattc 540 tgcaaactgg ccaacgaaca tcctgatctg atcccggctt ccgtacgggc caccgtactg 600 cgtgccgctt acttcatgct gaaggatgaa tacaccgaaa agctggaaga actgaacaag 660 gaactggcag ctgctcctgc cggcaagttc gacggccaca aagtggttgt ttccggcatc 720 atctacaaca cgcccggcat cctgaaagcc atggatgaca acaaactggc cattgctgct 780 gatgactgcg cttatgaaag ccgcagcttt gccgtggatg ctccggaaga tctggacaac 840 ggactgcatg ctctggctgt acagttctcc aaacagaaga acgatgttct gctgtacgat 900 cctgaatttg ccaagaatac ccgttctgaa cacgttggca atctggtaaa agaaagcggc 960 gcagaaggac tgatcgtgtt catgatgcag ttctgcgatc cggaagaaat ggaatatcct 1020 gatctgaaga aggctctgga tgcccaccac attcctcatg tgaagattgg tgtggaccag 1080 atgacccggg actttggtca ggcccagacc gctctggaag ctttcgcaga aagcctgtaa 1140 28 1122 DNA Methanocaldococcus jannaschii 28 atgatgaaat taaaggcaat tgaaaagttg atgcaaaaat tcgccagtag aaaagaacag 60 ctatataagc aaaaagaaga aggtagaaaa gtttttggaa tgttctgtgc ctatgttcca 120 atagaaataa ttttagcagc aaatgcaatc ccagttggtt tgtgtggagg taaaaatgac 180 acaatcccaa tagcagagga ggatttgcca agaaacctat gcccattaat aaaatcatcc 240 tatggtttta agaaggcaaa aacctgccct tactttgaag catctgatat agttattgga 300 gaaactacct gtgaaggaaa gaagaagatg tttgagttga tggagagatt ggtgccaatg 360 catataatgc acctcccaca catgaaagat gaagattctt tgaaaatctg gattaaagaa 420 gttgaaaagc taaaagaatt ggttgagaaa gagactggaa ataaaataac agaggaaaag 480 ttaaaagaga cagttgataa agtaaataaa gttagggagt tgttttataa actctatgaa 540 ttgaggaaga ataaaccagc tccaattaag ggtttagatg ttttaaaatt attccagttt 600 gcctatttat tggatattga tgacacaata gggattttag aggatttaat tgaggagtta 660 gaggagagag ttaaaaaagg agaaggttat gaaggaaaga gaattttaat aactggctgt 720 ccaatggttg ctggaaacaa taagattgtt gaaattattg aggaagttgg aggagtagtt 780 gttggtgaag aaagctgcac tggaacaaga ttctttgaaa actttgttga gggctatagc 840 gtagaggaca ttgcaaaaag atactttaaa atcccatgtg cttgtagatt taaaaacgat 900 gagagagttg aaaatataaa gagattggtt aaagagttgg acgtcgatgg agttgtttat 960 tacactttgc agtattgcca tacatttaac atagagggag ctaaggtaga ggaggcatta 1020 aaagaggagg gcattccaat tataagaatt gaaactgact attctgaaag tgatagagag 1080 cagttaaaaa caaggttgga ggcatttatt gagatgattt aa 1122 29 1152 DNA Escherichia coli 29 atgtcacttg tcaccgatct acccgccatt ttcgatcagt tctctgaagc tcgccagaca 60 ggctttctca ccgtcatgga tctcaaggag cgcggcattc cgctggttgg cacttactgc 120 acctttatgc cgcaagagat cccgatggca gccggtgcgg ttgtggtttc gctctgttcc 180 acctctgatg aaaccattga agaagcggag aaagatctgc cgcgcaacct ctgcccgctg 240 attaaaagca gctacggctt cggcaaaacc gataaatgcc cctacttcta cttttcggat 300 ctggtggtcg gtgaaaccac ctgcgacggc aaaaagaaaa tgtatgaata catggcggag 360 tttaagcctg ttcatgtgat gcaattgccc aacagcgtta aggacgatgc ctcgcgtgcg 420 ttatggaaag ccgagatgct gcgcttgcaa aaaacggtag aagaacgttt tgggcacgag 480 attagcgaag atgctctgcg cgatgccatt gcgctgaaaa accgcgaacg tcgcgcactg 540 gctaattttt atcatcttgg gcagttaaat cctccggcgc ttagcggcag cgacattctg 600 aaagtggttt acggcgcaac cttccggttc gataaagagg cgttgatcaa tgaactggat 660 gcaatgaccg cccgcgttcg tcagcagtgg gaagaaggcc agcgactgga cccgcgtccg 720 cgcattttaa tcaccggctg cccgattggc ggcgcagcag aaaaagtggt gcgcgcgatt 780 gaagagaatg gcggctgggt tgtcggttat gaaaactgca ccggggcgaa agcgaccgag 840 caatgcgtgg cagaaacggg cgatgtctac gacgcgctgg cggataaata tctggcgatt 900 ggctgctcct gtgtttcgcc gaacgatcag cgcctgaaaa tgctcagcca gatggtggag 960 gaatatcagg tcgatggcgt agttgatgtg attttgcagg cgtgccatac ctacgcggtg 1020 gaatcgctgg cgattaaacg tcatgtgcgc cagcagcaca acattcctta tatcgctatt 1080 gaaacagact actccacctc ggatgtcggg cagctcagta cccgtgtcgc ggcctttatt 1140 gagatgctgt aa 1152 30 379 PRT Acidaminococcus fermentans 30 Met Ala Ile Ser Ala Leu Ile Glu Glu Phe Gln Lys Val Ser Ala Ser 1 5 10 15 Pro Lys Thr Met Leu Ala Lys Tyr Lys Ala Gln Gly Lys Lys Ala Ile 20 25 30 Gly Cys Leu Pro Tyr Tyr Val Pro Glu Glu Leu Val Tyr Ala Ala Gly 35 40 45 Met Val Pro Met Gly Val Trp Gly Cys Asn Gly Lys Gln Glu Val Arg 50 55 60 Ser Lys Glu Tyr Cys Ala Ser Phe Tyr Cys Thr Ile Ala Gln Gln Ser 65 70 75 80 Leu Glu Met Leu Leu Asp Gly Thr Leu Asp Gly Leu Asp Gly Ile Ile 85 90 95 Thr Pro Val Leu Cys Asp Thr Leu Arg Pro Met Ser Gln Asn Phe Lys 100 105 110 Val Ala Met Lys Asp Lys Met Pro Val Ile Phe Leu Ala His Pro Gln 115 120 125 Val Arg Gln Asn Ala Ala Gly Lys Gln Phe Thr Tyr Asp Ala Tyr Ser 130 135 140 Glu Val Lys Gly His Leu Glu Glu Ile Cys Gly His Glu Ile Thr Asn 145 150 155 160 Asp Ala Ile Leu Asp Ala Ile Lys Val Tyr Asn Lys Ser Arg Ala Ala 165 170 175 Arg Arg Glu Phe Cys Lys Leu Ala Asn Glu His Pro Asp Leu Ile Pro 180 185 190 Ala Ser Val Arg Ala Thr Val Leu Arg Ala Ala Tyr Phe Met Leu Lys 195 200 205 Asp Glu Tyr Thr Glu Lys Leu Glu Glu Leu Asn Lys Glu Leu Ala Ala 210 215 220 Ala Pro Ala Gly Lys Phe Asp Gly His Lys Val Val Val Ser Gly Ile 225 230 235 240 Ile Tyr Asn Thr Pro Gly Ile Leu Lys Ala Met Asp Asp Asn Lys Leu 245 250 255 Ala Ile Ala Ala Asp Asp Cys Ala Tyr Glu Ser Arg Ser Phe Ala Val 260 265 270 Asp Ala Pro Glu Asp Leu Asp Asn Gly Leu His Ala Leu Ala Val Gln 275 280 285 Phe Ser Lys Gln Lys Asn Asp Val Leu Leu Tyr Asp Pro Glu Phe Ala 290 295 300 Lys Asn Thr Arg Ser Glu His Val Gly Asn Leu Val Lys Glu Ser Gly 305 310 315 320 Ala Glu Gly Leu Ile Val Phe Met Met Gln Phe Cys Asp Pro Glu Glu 325 330 335 Met Glu Tyr Pro Asp Leu Lys Lys Ala Leu Asp Ala His His Ile Pro 340 345 350 His Val Lys Ile Gly Val Asp Gln Met Thr Arg Asp Phe Gly Gln Ala 355 360 365 Gln Thr Ala Leu Glu Ala Phe Ala Glu Ser Leu 370 375 31 373 PRT Methanocaldococcus jannaschii 31 Met Met Lys Leu Lys Ala Ile Glu Lys Leu Met Gln Lys Phe Ala Ser 1 5 10 15 Arg Lys Glu Gln Leu Tyr Lys Gln Lys Glu Glu Gly Arg Lys Val Phe 20 25 30 Gly Met Phe Cys Ala Tyr Val Pro Ile Glu Ile Ile Leu Ala Ala Asn 35 40 45 Ala Ile Pro Val Gly Leu Cys Gly Gly Lys Asn Asp Thr Ile Pro Ile 50 55 60 Ala Glu Glu Asp Leu Pro Arg Asn Leu Cys Pro Leu Ile Lys Ser Ser 65 70 75 80 Tyr Gly Phe Lys Lys Ala Lys Thr Cys Pro Tyr Phe Glu Ala Ser Asp 85 90 95 Ile Val Ile Gly Glu Thr Thr Cys Glu Gly Lys Lys Lys Met Phe Glu 100 105 110 Leu Met Glu Arg Leu Val Pro Met His Ile Met His Leu Pro His Met 115 120 125 Lys Asp Glu Asp Ser Leu Lys Ile Trp Ile Lys Glu Val Glu Lys Leu 130 135 140 Lys Glu Leu Val Glu Lys Glu Thr Gly Asn Lys Ile Thr Glu Glu Lys 145 150 155 160 Leu Lys Glu Thr Val Asp Lys Val Asn Lys Val Arg Glu Leu Phe Tyr 165 170 175 Lys Leu Tyr Glu Leu Arg Lys Asn Lys Pro Ala Pro Ile Lys Gly Leu 180 185 190 Asp Val Leu Lys Leu Phe Gln Phe Ala Tyr Leu Leu Asp Ile Asp Asp 195 200 205 Thr Ile Gly Ile Leu Glu Asp Leu Ile Glu Glu Leu Glu Glu Arg Val 210 215 220 Lys Lys Gly Glu Gly Tyr Glu Gly Lys Arg Ile Leu Ile Thr Gly Cys 225 230 235 240 Pro Met Val Ala Gly Asn Asn Lys Ile Val Glu Ile Ile Glu Glu Val 245 250 255 Gly Gly Val Val Val Gly Glu Glu Ser Cys Thr Gly Thr Arg Phe Phe 260 265 270 Glu Asn Phe Val Glu Gly Tyr Ser Val Glu Asp Ile Ala Lys Arg Tyr 275 280 285 Phe Lys Ile Pro Cys Ala Cys Arg Phe Lys Asn Asp Glu Arg Val Glu 290 295 300 Asn Ile Lys Arg Leu Val Lys Glu Leu Asp Val Asp Gly Val Val Tyr 305 310 315 320 Tyr Thr Leu Gln Tyr Cys His Thr Phe Asn Ile Glu Gly Ala Lys Val 325 330 335 Glu Glu Ala Leu Lys Glu Glu Gly Ile Pro Ile Ile Arg Ile Glu Thr 340 345 350 Asp Tyr Ser Glu Ser Asp Arg Glu Gln Leu Lys Thr Arg Leu Glu Ala 355 360 365 Phe Ile Glu Met Ile 370 32 383 PRT Methanocaldococcus jannaschii 32 Met Ser Leu Val Thr Asp Leu Pro Ala Ile Phe Asp Gln Phe Ser Glu 1 5 10 15 Ala Arg Gln Thr Gly Phe Leu Thr Val Met Asp Leu Lys Glu Arg Gly 20 25 30 Ile Pro Leu Val Gly Thr Tyr Cys Thr Phe Met Pro Gln Glu Ile Pro 35 40 45 Met Ala Ala Gly Ala Val Val Val Ser Leu Cys Ser Thr Ser Asp Glu 50 55 60 Thr Ile Glu Glu Ala Glu Lys Asp Leu Pro Arg Asn Leu Cys Pro Leu 65 70 75 80 Ile Lys Ser Ser Tyr Gly Phe Gly Lys Thr Asp Lys Cys Pro Tyr Phe 85 90 95 Tyr Phe Ser Asp Leu Val Val Gly Glu Thr Thr Cys Asp Gly Lys Lys 100 105 110 Lys Met Tyr Glu Tyr Met Ala Glu Phe Lys Pro Val His Val Met Gln 115 120 125 Leu Pro Asn Ser Val Lys Asp Asp Ala Ser Arg Ala Leu Trp Lys Ala 130 135 140 Glu Met Leu Arg Leu Gln Lys Thr Val Glu Glu Arg Phe Gly His Glu 145 150 155 160 Ile Ser Glu Asp Ala Leu Arg Asp Ala Ile Ala Leu Lys Asn Arg Glu 165 170 175 Arg Arg Ala Leu Ala Asn Phe Tyr His Leu Gly Gln Leu Asn Pro Pro 180 185 190 Ala Leu Ser Gly Ser Asp Ile Leu Lys Val Val Tyr Gly Ala Thr Phe 195 200 205 Arg Phe Asp Lys Glu Ala Leu Ile Asn Glu Leu Asp Ala Met Thr Ala 210 215 220 Arg Val Arg Gln Gln Trp Glu Glu Gly Gln Arg Leu Asp Pro Arg Pro 225 230 235 240 Arg Ile Leu Ile Thr Gly Cys Pro Ile Gly Gly Ala Ala Glu Lys Val 245 250 255 Val Arg Ala Ile Glu Glu Asn Gly Gly Trp Val Val Gly Tyr Glu Asn 260 265 270 Cys Thr Gly Ala Lys Ala Thr Glu Gln Cys Val Ala Glu Thr Gly Asp 275 280 285 Val Tyr Asp Ala Leu Ala Asp Lys Tyr Leu Ala Ile Gly Cys Ser Cys 290 295 300 Val Ser Pro Asn Asp Gln Arg Leu Lys Met Leu Ser Gln Met Val Glu 305 310 315 320 Glu Tyr Gln Val Asp Gly Val Val Asp Val Ile Leu Gln Ala Cys His 325 330 335 Thr Tyr Ala Val Glu Ser Leu Ala Ile Lys Arg His Val Arg Gln Gln 340 345 350 His Asn Ile Pro Tyr Ile Ala Ile Glu Thr Asp Tyr Ser Thr Ser Asp 355 360 365 Val Gly Gln Leu Ser Thr Arg Val Ala Ala Phe Ile Glu Met Leu 370 375 380 33 6295 DNA Megasphaera elsdenii 33 cgacggcccg ggctggtatc attctagtca gtaattcacc tttggaaaat tttcacaaag 60 gcagtacgac agaagcgtcg atacattcca tttagcagga ggaagttacg gtaatgagaa 120 aagtagaaat cattacagct gaacaagcag ctcagctcgt aaaagacaac gacacgatta 180 cgtctatcgg ctttgtcagc agcgcccatc cggaagcact gaccaaagct ttggaaaaac 240 ggttcctgga cacgaacacc ccgcagaact tgacctacat ctatgcaggc tctcagggca 300 aacgcgatgg ccgtgccgct gaacatctgg cacacacagg ccttttgaaa cgcgccatca 360 tcggtcactg gcagactgta ccggctatcg gtaaactggc tgtcgaaaac aagattgaag 420 cttacaactt ctcgcagggc acgttggtcc actggttccg cgccttggca ggtcataagc 480 tcggcgtctt caccgacatc ggtctggaaa ctttcctcga tccccgtcag ctcggcggca 540 agctcaatga cgtaaccaaa gaagacctcg tcaaactgat cgaagtcgat ggtcatgaac 600 agcttttcta cccgaccttc ccggtcaacg tagctttcct ccgcggtacg tatgctgatg 660 aatccggcaa tatcaccatg gacgaagaaa tcgggccttt cgaaagcact tccgtagccc 720 aggccgttca caactgtggc ggtaaagtcg tcgtccaggt caaagacgtc gtcgctcacg 780 gcagcctcga cccgcgcatg gtcaagatcc ctggcatcta tgtcgactac gtcgtcgtag 840 cagctccgga agaccatcag cagacgtatg actgcgaata cgatccgtcc ctcagcggtg 900 aacatcgtgc tcctgaaggc gctaccgatg cagctctccc catgagcgct aagaaaatca 960 tcggccgccg cggcgctttg gaattgactg aaaacgctgt cgtcaacctc ggcgtcggtg 1020 ctccggaata cgttgcttct gttgccggtg aagaaggtat cgccgatacc attaccctga 1080 ccgtcgaagg tggcgccatc ggtggcgtac cgcagggcgg tgcccgcttc ggttcgtccc 1140 gcaatgccga tgccatcatc gaccacacct atcagttcga cttctacgat ggcggcggtc 1200 tggacatcgc ttacctcggc ctggcccagt gcgatggctc gggcaacatc aacgtcagca 1260 agttcggtac taacgttgcc ggctgcggcg gtttccccaa catttcccag cagacaccga 1320 atgtttactt ctgcggcacc ttcacggctg gcggcttgaa aatcgctgtc gaagacggca 1380 aagtcaagat cctccaggaa ggcaaagcca agaagttcat caaagctgtc gaccagatca 1440 ctttcaacgg ttcctatgca gcccgcaacg gcaaacacgt tctctacatc acagaacgct 1500 gcgtatttga actgaccaaa gaaggcttga aactcatcga agtcgcaccg ggcatcgata 1560 ttgaaaaaga tatcctcgct cacatggact tcaagccgat cattgataat ccgaaactca 1620 tggatgcccg cctcttccag gacggtccca tgggactgaa aaaataaatc tctgctgtaa 1680 aggagacttt actatgaaac caatgagact acatcacgta ggcattgtcc tgccgacctt 1740 agaaaaagcc catgaattca tgcagaataa tggacttgaa atcgactatg ccggctatgt 1800 cgatgcttac caggctgatc tcattttcac taagtttggt gaatttgcca gcccgattga 1860 aatgattatc ccgcactccg gtgtgcttac ccaattcaat ggtggccgcg gcggcattgc 1920 ccacatcgcc ttcgaagtgg acgatgtcga agctgtccgc caggaaatgg aagcagattg 1980 tccgggatgc atgttagaaa agaaagctgt ccagggtacg gacgacatta tcgtcaactt 2040 ccgccgcccg acaaccaacc agggtatcct cgttgaatat gttcagacga cagcacctat 2100 caccggccgc ggcgaaaatc ctttcgttaa gaatctcggc ccggaaaaag ggaagctcaa 2160 cgaaacatgg catcccatgc gcctgcacca tatcggcatc gtcttgccga ccttggaaaa 2220 ggcccatgaa ttcatcaaga ccaatggtct ggaagtggat tattccggtt tcgtcgacgc 2280 ctaccatgcg gatctcattt tcactaaaaa aggtgaaaac agtacgccta tcgaattcat 2340 tattccccgt gaaggggtcc tcaaagattt caatcatggc aggggaggta tcgctcatat 2400 cgcctttgaa gtggatgatg tcgaaaaggt acgtcagatt atggaaagcc agaagcctgg 2460 ttgcatgctc gaaaagaaag ccgtccgggg aacggacgat atcatcgtca acttccgccg 2520 tcccagcacg gacgccggca tcctcgtcga atatgtccag accgtagctc ccatcaatcg 2580 cagcaatccc aaccctttta atgattgatt ttttataaag aaaggtgaaa actgtgtata 2640 ctctcggaat cgacgttggt tcttcttctt ccaaggcagt catcctggaa gatggcaaga 2700 agatcgtcgc ccatgccgtc gttgaaatcg gcaccggttc gaccggtccg gaacgcgtcc 2760 tggacgaagt cttcaaagat accaacttaa aaattgaaga catggcgaac atcatcgcca 2820 caggctatgg ccgtttcaat gtcgactgcg ccaaaggcga agtcagcgaa atcacgtgcc 2880 atgccaaagg ggccctcttt gaatgccccg gtacgacgac catcctcgat atcggcggtc 2940 aggacgtcaa gtccatcaaa ttgaatggcc agggcctggt catgcagttt gccatgaacg 3000 acaaatgcgc cgctggtacg ggccgtttcc tcgacgtcat gtcgaaggta ctggaaatcc 3060 ccatgtctga aatgggggac tggtacttca aatcgaagca tcccgctgcc gtcagcagta 3120 cctgcacggt ttttgctgaa tcggaagtca tttcccttct ttccaagaat gtcccgaaag 3180 aagatatcgt agccggtgtc catcagtcca tcgccgccaa agcctgcgct ctcgtgcgcc 3240 gcgtcggtgt cggtgaagac ctgaccatga ccggcggtgg ctcccgcgat cccggcgtcg 3300 tcgatgccgt atcgaaagaa ttaggtattc ctgtcagagt cgctctgcat ccccaagcgg 3360 tgggtgctct cggagctgct ttgattgctt atgataaaat caagaaataa gtcaaaggag 3420 agaacaaaat catgagtgaa gaaaaaacag tagatattga aagcatgagc tccaaggaag 3480 cccttggtta cttcttgccg aaagtcgatg aagacgcacg taaagcgaaa aaagaaggcc 3540 gcctcgtttg ctggtccgct tctgtcgctc ctccggaatt ctgcacggct atggacatcg 3600 ccatcgtcta tccggaaact cacgcagctg gtatcggtgc ccgtcacggt gctccggcca 3660 tgctcgaagt tgctgaaaac aaaggttaca accaggacat ctgttcctac tgccgcgtca 3720 acatgggcta catggaactc ctcaaacagc aggctctgac aggcgaaacg ccggaagtcc 3780 tcaaaaactc cccggcttct ccgattcccc ttccggatgt tgtcctcact tgcaacaaca 3840 tctgcaatac cttgctcaaa tggtatgaaa acttggctaa agaattgaac gtacctctca 3900 tcaacatcga cgtaccgttc aaccatgaat tccctgttac gaaacacgct aaacagtaca 3960 tcgtcggcga attcaaacat gctatcaaac agctcgaaga cctttgcggc cgtcccttcg 4020 actatgacaa attcttcgaa gtacagaaac agacacagcg ctccatcgct gcctggaaca 4080 aaatcgctac gtacttccag tacaaaccgt cgccgctcaa cggcttcgac ctcttcaact 4140 acatgggcct cgccgttgct gcccgctcct tgaactactc ggaaatcacg ttcaacaaat 4200 tcctcaaaga attggacgaa aaagtagcta ataagaaatg ggctttcggt gaaaacgaaa 4260 aatcccgtgt tacttgggaa ggtatcgctg tctggatcgc tctcggccac accttcaaag 4320 aactcaaagg tcagggcgct ctcatgactg gttccgctta tcctggcatg tgggacgttt 4380 cctacgaacc gggcgacctc gaatccatgg cagaagctta ttcccgtaca tacatcaact 4440 gctgcctcga acagcgcggt gctgttcttg aaaaagttgt ccgcgatggc aaatgcgacg 4500 gcttgatcat gcaccagaac cgttcctgca agaacatgag cctcctcaac aacgaaggcg 4560 gccagcgcat ccagaagaac ctcggcgtac cgtacgtcat cttcgacggc gaccagaccg 4620 atgctcgtaa cttctcggaa gcacagttcg atacccgcgt agaagctttg gcagaaatga 4680 tggcagacaa aaaagccaat gaaggaggaa accactaatg agtcagatcg acgaacttat 4740 cagcaaatta caggaagtat ccaaccatcc ccagaagacg gttttgaatt ataaaaaaca 4800 gggtaaaggc ctcgtaggca tgatgcccta ctacgctccg gaagaaatcg tatatgctgc 4860 aggctacctc ccggtaggca tgttcggttc ccagaacccg cagatctccg cagctcgtac 4920 gtaccttcct ccgttcgctt gctccttgat gcaggctgac atggaactcc agctcaacgg 4980 cacctatgac tgcctcgacg ctgttatctt ctccgttcct tgcgacactc tccgctgcat 5040 gagccagaaa tggcacggca aagctccggt catcgtcttc acacagccgc agaaccgtaa 5100 gatccgcccg gctgtcgatt tcctcaaagc tgaatacgaa catgtccgta cggaattggg 5160 acgtatcctc aacgtaaaaa tctccgacct ggctatccag gaagctatca aagtatataa 5220 cgaaaaccgt caggttatgc gtgaattctg cgacgtagct gctcagtacc cgcagatctt 5280 cactccgata aaacgtcatg acgtcatcaa agcccgctgg ttcatggaca aagctgaaca 5340 caccgctttg gtccgcgaac tcatcgacgc tgtcaagaaa gaaccggtac agccgtggaa 5400 tggcaaaaaa gtcatcctct ccggtatcat ggcagaaccg gatgaattcc tcgatatctt 5460 cagcgaattc aacatcgctg tcgtcgctga cgacctcgct caggaatccc gccagttccg 5520 tacagacgta ccgtccggca tcgatcccct cgaacagctc gctcagcagt ggcaggactt 5580 cgatggctgc ccgctcgctt tgaacgaaga caaaccgcgt ggccagatgc tcatcgacat 5640 gactaagaaa tacaatgctg acgccgtcgt catctgcatg atgcgtttct gcgatcctga 5700 agaattcgac tatccgattt acaaaccgga atttgaagct gctggcgttc gttacacggt 5760 cctcgacctc gacatcgaat ctccgtccct cgaacagctc cgcacccgta tccaggcttt 5820 ctcggaaatc ctctaagaat cgcctgaatc atcaaacatc tgggcgggac tccgaaaggt 5880 gcctgctaca tgatacattg cctgttttca ggcagacaga tttgcagctt gcggccccca 5940 ttgtacgggc tgcaagctgt caatgatgct ttaaagacgg ctctgccgtt tttaaataaa 6000 aacataaaac catatataat ctattaggag gaaactcaat catggaattc aaactttctg 6060 aattacagca agatatcgca aatctcgcaa aagatttcgc agaaaaaaaa ttagctccca 6120 ctgtcaaaga gcgtgacgaa aaagaagttt tcgatcgtgc tatccttgac gaagtgggta 6180 ctctcggcct tctcggtatt ccctgggaag aagaaaacgg cggcgtaggc gctgacttcc 6240 tcagcctcgc agttgcttgc gaagaagtag ctaaagttac cagcccgggc cgtcg 6295 34 915 DNA Megasphaera elsdenii 34 atgaaaccaa tgagactaca tcacgtaggc attgtcctgc cgaccttaga aaaagcccat 60 gaattcatgc agaataatgg acttgaaatc gactatgccg gctatgtcga tgcttaccag 120 gctgatctca ttttcactaa gtttggtgaa tttgccagcc cgattgaaat gattatcccg 180 cactccggtg tgcttaccca attcaatggt ggccgcggcg gcattgccca catcgccttc 240 gaagtggacg atgtcgaagc tgtccgccag gaaatggaag cagattgtcc gggatgcatg 300 ttagaaaaga aagctgtcca gggtacggac gacattatcg tcaacttccg ccgcccgaca 360 accaaccagg gtatcctcgt tgaatatgtt cagacgacag cacctatcac cggccgcggc 420 gaaaatcctt tcgttaagaa tctcggcccg gaaaaaggga agctcaacga aacatggcat 480 cccatgcgcc tgcaccatat cggcatcgtc ttgccgacct tggaaaaggc ccatgaattc 540 atcaagacca atggtctgga agtggattat tccggtttcg tcgacgccta ccatgcggat 600 ctcattttca ctaaaaaagg tgaaaacagt acgcctatcg aattcattat tccccgtgaa 660 ggggtcctca aagatttcaa tcatggcagg ggaggtatcg ctcatatcgc ctttgaagtg 720 gatgatgtcg aaaaggtacg tcagattatg gaaagccaga agcctggttg catgctcgaa 780 aagaaagccg tccggggaac ggacgatatc atcgtcaact tccgccgtcc cagcacggac 840 gccggcatcc tcgtcgaata tgtccagacc gtagctccca tcaatcgcag caatcccaac 900 ccttttaatg attga 915 35 304 PRT Megasphaera elsdenii 35 Met Lys Pro Met Arg Leu His His Val Gly Ile Val Leu Pro Thr Leu 1 5 10 15 Glu Lys Ala His Glu Phe Met Gln Asn Asn Gly Leu Glu Ile Asp Tyr 20 25 30 Ala Gly Tyr Val Asp Ala Tyr Gln Ala Asp Leu Ile Phe Thr Lys Phe 35 40 45 Gly Glu Phe Ala Ser Pro Ile Glu Met Ile Ile Pro His Ser Gly Val 50 55 60 Leu Thr Gln Phe Asn Gly Gly Arg Gly Gly Ile Ala His Ile Ala Phe 65 70 75 80 Glu Val Asp Asp Val Glu Ala Val Arg Gln Glu Met Glu Ala Asp Cys 85 90 95 Pro Gly Cys Met Leu Glu Lys Lys Ala Val Gln Gly Thr Asp Asp Ile 100 105 110 Ile Val Asn Phe Arg Arg Pro Thr Thr Asn Gln Gly Ile Leu Val Glu 115 120 125 Tyr Val Gln Thr Thr Ala Pro Ile Thr Gly Arg Gly Glu Asn Pro Phe 130 135 140 Val Lys Asn Leu Gly Pro Glu Lys Gly Lys Leu Asn Glu Thr Trp His 145 150 155 160 Pro Met Arg Leu His His Ile Gly Ile Val Leu Pro Thr Leu Glu Lys 165 170 175 Ala His Glu Phe Ile Lys Thr Asn Gly Leu Glu Val Asp Tyr Ser Gly 180 185 190 Phe Val Asp Ala Tyr His Ala Asp Leu Ile Phe Thr Lys Lys Gly Glu 195 200 205 Asn Ser Thr Pro Ile Glu Phe Ile Ile Pro Arg Glu Gly Val Leu Lys 210 215 220 Asp Phe Asn His Gly Arg Gly Gly Ile Ala His Ile Ala Phe Glu Val 225 230 235 240 Asp Asp Val Glu Lys Val Arg Gln Ile Met Glu Ser Gln Lys Pro Gly 245 250 255 Cys Met Leu Glu Lys Lys Ala Val Arg Gly Thr Asp Asp Ile Ile Val 260 265 270 Asn Phe Arg Arg Pro Ser Thr Asp Ala Gly Ile Leu Val Glu Tyr Val 275 280 285 Gln Thr Val Ala Pro Ile Asn Arg Ser Asn Pro Asn Pro Phe Asn Asp 290 295 300 36 254 DNA Megasphaera elsdenii 36 atggaattca aactttctga attacagcaa gatatcgcaa atctcgcaaa agatttcgca 60 gaaaaaaaat tagctcccac tgtcaaagag cgtgacgaaa aagaagtttt cgatcgtgct 120 atccttgacg aagtgggtac tctcggcctt ctcggtattc cctgggaaga agaaaacggc 180 ggcgtaggcg ctgacttcct cagcctcgca gttgcttgcg aagaagtagc taaagttacc 240 agcccgggcc gtcg 254 37 84 PRT Megasphaera elsdenii 37 Met Glu Phe Lys Leu Ser Glu Leu Gln Gln Asp Ile Ala Asn Leu Ala 1 5 10 15 Lys Asp Phe Ala Glu Lys Lys Leu Ala Pro Thr Val Lys Glu Arg Asp 20 25 30 Glu Lys Glu Val Phe Asp Arg Ala Ile Leu Asp Glu Val Gly Thr Leu 35 40 45 Gly Leu Leu Gly Ile Pro Trp Glu Glu Glu Asn Gly Gly Val Gly Ala 50 55 60 Asp Phe Leu Ser Leu Ala Val Ala Cys Glu Glu Val Ala Lys Val Thr 65 70 75 80 Ser Pro Gly Arg 38 6141 DNA Chloroflexus aurantiacus CDS (480)..(5945) 38 gtgagcacac acttgatagc tgatgccgtc aatgatcagt tgttcgtcta tagcaggctg 60 aaaggacatg ggtttggtca cagtctgagc agttgcaggc agtcaaacac gttcgtaact 120 acgctgtaga tgatataagc agtataccat cttgctacgc tctcgttgat caggttgaat 180 gctttgagga aggtcaggcg aatagccatg cctcttgttt ccagaacatg gcatggggat 240 ggatcgacgg taccctgtcg gatgcatgct atgcgtggca ttcatatcat caaccagaat 300 ttgatcttga actacacagc aattctgcgc gttatgcaag tgtcttcggt cagatggtga 360 acaattctca attgttgagg tcttgacgaa ttgcgttata cactgtaggc tatagtatgc 420 accccttgtt atctatatca caaccggtct attagcattt gcgtcaagga ggatggtcg 479 atg atc gac act gcg ccc ctt gcc cca cca cgg gcg ccc cgc tct aat 527 Met Ile Asp Thr Ala Pro Leu Ala Pro Pro Arg Ala Pro Arg Ser Asn 1 5 10 15 ccg att cgg gat cga gtt gat tgg gaa gct cag cgc gct gct gcg ctg 575 Pro Ile Arg Asp Arg Val Asp Trp Glu Ala Gln Arg Ala Ala Ala Leu 20 25 30 gca gat ccc ggt gcc ttt cat ggc gcg att gcc cgg aca gtt atc cac 623 Ala Asp Pro Gly Ala Phe His Gly Ala Ile Ala Arg Thr Val Ile His 35 40 45 tgg tac gac cca caa cac cat tgc tgg att cgc ttc aac gag tct agt 671 Trp Tyr Asp Pro Gln His His Cys Trp Ile Arg Phe Asn Glu Ser Ser 50 55 60 cag cgt tgg gaa ggg ctg gat gcc gct acc ggt gcc cct gta acg gta 719 Gln Arg Trp Glu Gly Leu Asp Ala Ala Thr Gly Ala Pro Val Thr Val 65 70 75 80 gac tat ccc gcc gat tat cag ccc tgg caa cag gcg ttt gat gat agt 767 Asp Tyr Pro Ala Asp Tyr Gln Pro Trp Gln Gln Ala Phe Asp Asp Ser 85 90 95 gaa gcg ccg ttt tac cgc tgg ttt agt ggt ggg ttg aca aat gcc tgc 815 Glu Ala Pro Phe Tyr Arg Trp Phe Ser Gly Gly Leu Thr Asn Ala Cys 100 105 110 ttt aat gaa gta gac cgg cat gtc atg atg ggc tat ggc gac gag gtg 863 Phe Asn Glu Val Asp Arg His Val Met Met Gly Tyr Gly Asp Glu Val 115 120 125 gcc tac tac ttt gaa ggt gac cgc tgg gat aac tcg ctc aac aat ggt 911 Ala Tyr Tyr Phe Glu Gly Asp Arg Trp Asp Asn Ser Leu Asn Asn Gly 130 135 140 cgt ggt ggt ccg gtt gtc cag gag aca atc acg cgg cgg cgc ctg ttg 959 Arg Gly Gly Pro Val Val Gln Glu Thr Ile Thr Arg Arg Arg Leu Leu 145 150 155 160 gtg gag gtg gtg aag gct gcg cag gtg ttg cgt gat ctg ggc ctg aag 1007 Val Glu Val Val Lys Ala Ala Gln Val Leu Arg Asp Leu Gly Leu Lys 165 170 175 aag ggt gat cgg att gct ctg aat atg ccg aat att atg ccg cag att 1055 Lys Gly Asp Arg Ile Ala Leu Asn Met Pro Asn Ile Met Pro Gln Ile 180 185 190 tat tat acg gaa gcg gca aaa cga ctg ggt att ctg tac acg ccg gtc 1103 Tyr Tyr Thr Glu Ala Ala Lys Arg Leu Gly Ile Leu Tyr Thr Pro Val 195 200 205 ttc ggt ggc ttc tcg gac aag act ctt tcc gac cgt att cac aat gcc 1151 Phe Gly Gly Phe Ser Asp Lys Thr Leu Ser Asp Arg Ile His Asn Ala 210 215 220 ggt gca cga gtg gtg att acc tct gat ggt gcg tac cgc aac gcg cag 1199 Gly Ala Arg Val Val Ile Thr Ser Asp Gly Ala Tyr Arg Asn Ala Gln 225 230 235 240 gtg gtg ccc tac aaa gaa gcg tat acc gat cag gcg ctc gat aag tat 1247 Val Val Pro Tyr Lys Glu Ala Tyr Thr Asp Gln Ala Leu Asp Lys Tyr 245 250 255 att ccg gtt gag acg gcg cag gcg att gtt gcg cag acc ctg gcc acc 1295 Ile Pro Val Glu Thr Ala Gln Ala Ile Val Ala Gln Thr Leu Ala Thr 260 265 270 ttg ccc ctg act gag tcg cag cgc cag acg atc atc acc gaa gtg gag 1343 Leu Pro Leu Thr Glu Ser Gln Arg Gln Thr Ile Ile Thr Glu Val Glu 275 280 285 gcc gca ctg gcc ggt gag att acg gtt gag cgc tcg gac gtg atg cgt 1391 Ala Ala Leu Ala Gly Glu Ile Thr Val Glu Arg Ser Asp Val Met Arg 290 295 300 ggg gtt ggt tct gcc ctc gca aag ctc cgc gat ctt gat gca agc gtg 1439 Gly Val Gly Ser Ala Leu Ala Lys Leu Arg Asp Leu Asp Ala Ser Val 305 310 315 320 cag gca aag gtg cgt aca gta ctg gcg cag gcg ctg gtc gag tcg ccg 1487 Gln Ala Lys Val Arg Thr Val Leu Ala Gln Ala Leu Val Glu Ser Pro 325 330 335 ccg cgg gtt gaa gct gtg gtg gtt gtg cgt cat acc ggt cag gag att 1535 Pro Arg Val Glu Ala Val Val Val Val Arg His Thr Gly Gln Glu Ile 340 345 350 ttg tgg aac gag ggg cga gat cgc tgg agt cac gac ttg ctg gat gct 1583 Leu Trp Asn Glu Gly Arg Asp Arg Trp Ser His Asp Leu Leu Asp Ala 355 360 365 gcg ctg gcg aag att ctg gcc aat gcg cgt gct gcc ggc ttt gat gtg 1631 Ala Leu Ala Lys Ile Leu Ala Asn Ala Arg Ala Ala Gly Phe Asp Val 370 375 380 cac agt gag aat gat ctg ctc aat ctc ccc gat gac cag ctt atc cgt 1679 His Ser Glu Asn Asp Leu Leu Asn Leu Pro Asp Asp Gln Leu Ile Arg 385 390 395 400 gcg ctc tac gcc agt att ccc tgt gaa ccg gtt gat gct gaa tat ccg 1727 Ala Leu Tyr Ala Ser Ile Pro Cys Glu Pro Val Asp Ala Glu Tyr Pro 405 410 415 atg ttt atc att tac aca tcg ggt agc acc ggt aag ccc aag ggt gtg 1775 Met Phe Ile Ile Tyr Thr Ser Gly Ser Thr Gly Lys Pro Lys Gly Val 420 425 430 atc cac gtt cac ggc ggt tat gtc gcc ggt gtg gtg cac acc ttg cgg 1823 Ile His Val His Gly Gly Tyr Val Ala Gly Val Val His Thr Leu Arg 435 440 445 gtc agt ttt gac gcc gag ccg ggt gat acg ata tat gtg atc gcc gat 1871 Val Ser Phe Asp Ala Glu Pro Gly Asp Thr Ile Tyr Val Ile Ala Asp 450 455 460 ccg ggc tgg atc acc ggt cag agc tat atg ctc aca gcc aca atg gcc 1919 Pro Gly Trp Ile Thr Gly Gln Ser Tyr Met Leu Thr Ala Thr Met Ala 465 470 475 480 ggt cgg ctg acc ggg gtg att gcc gag gga tca ccg ctc ttc ccc tca 1967 Gly Arg Leu Thr Gly Val Ile Ala Glu Gly Ser Pro Leu Phe Pro Ser 485 490 495 gcc ggg cgt tat gcc agc atc atc gag cgc tat ggg gtg cag atc ttt 2015 Ala Gly Arg Tyr Ala Ser Ile Ile Glu Arg Tyr Gly Val Gln Ile Phe 500 505 510 aag gcg ggt gtg acc ttc ctc aag aca gtg atg tcc aat ccg cag aat 2063 Lys Ala Gly Val Thr Phe Leu Lys Thr Val Met Ser Asn Pro Gln Asn 515 520 525 gtt gaa gat gtg cga ctc tat gat atg cac tcg ctg cgg gtt gca acc 2111 Val Glu Asp Val Arg Leu Tyr Asp Met His Ser Leu Arg Val Ala Thr 530 535 540 ttc tgc gcc gag ccg gtc agt ccg gcg gtg cag cag ttt ggt atg cag 2159 Phe Cys Ala Glu Pro Val Ser Pro Ala Val Gln Gln Phe Gly Met Gln 545 550 555 560 atc atg acc ccg cag tat atc aat tcg tac tgg gcg acc gag cac ggt 2207 Ile Met Thr Pro Gln Tyr Ile Asn Ser Tyr Trp Ala Thr Glu His Gly 565 570 575 gga att gtc tgg acg cat ttc tac ggt aat cag gac ttc ccg ctt cgt 2255 Gly Ile Val Trp Thr His Phe Tyr Gly Asn Gln Asp Phe Pro Leu Arg 580 585 590 ccc gat gcc cat acc tat ccc ttg ccc tgg gtg atg ggt gat gtc tgg 2303 Pro Asp Ala His Thr Tyr Pro Leu Pro Trp Val Met Gly Asp Val Trp 595 600 605 gtg gcc gaa act gat gag agc ggg acg acg cgc tat cgg gtc gct gat 2351 Val Ala Glu Thr Asp Glu Ser Gly Thr Thr Arg Tyr Arg Val Ala Asp 610 615 620 ttc gat gag aag ggc gag att gtg att acc gcc ccg tat ccc tac ctg 2399 Phe Asp Glu Lys Gly Glu Ile Val Ile Thr Ala Pro Tyr Pro Tyr Leu 625 630 635 640 acc cgc aca ctc tgg ggt gat gtg ccc ggt ttc gag gcg tac ctg cgc 2447 Thr Arg Thr Leu Trp Gly Asp Val Pro Gly Phe Glu Ala Tyr Leu Arg 645 650 655 ggt gag att ccg ctg cgg gcc tgg aag ggt gat gcc gag cgt ttc gtc 2495 Gly Glu Ile Pro Leu Arg Ala Trp Lys Gly Asp Ala Glu Arg Phe Val 660 665 670 aag acc tac tgg cga cgt ggg cca aac ggt gaa tgg ggc tat atc cag 2543 Lys Thr Tyr Trp Arg Arg Gly Pro Asn Gly Glu Trp Gly Tyr Ile Gln 675 680 685 ggt gat ttt gcc atc aag tac ccc gat ggt agc ttc acg ctc cac gga 2591 Gly Asp Phe Ala Ile Lys Tyr Pro Asp Gly Ser Phe Thr Leu His Gly 690 695 700 cgc cct gac gat gtg atc aat gtg tcg ggc cac cgt atg ggc acc gag 2639 Arg Pro Asp Asp Val Ile Asn Val Ser Gly His Arg Met Gly Thr Glu 705 710 715 720 gag att gag ggt gcc att ttg cgt gac cgc cag atc acg ccc gac tcg 2687 Glu Ile Glu Gly Ala Ile Leu Arg Asp Arg Gln Ile Thr Pro Asp Ser 725 730 735 ccc gtc ggt aat tgt att gtg gtc ggt gcg ccg cac cgt gag aag ggt 2735 Pro Val Gly Asn Cys Ile Val Val Gly Ala Pro His Arg Glu Lys Gly 740 745 750 ctg acc ccg gtt gcc ttc att caa cct gcg cct ggc cgt cat ctg acc 2783 Leu Thr Pro Val Ala Phe Ile Gln Pro Ala Pro Gly Arg His Leu Thr 755 760 765 ggc gcc gac cgg cgc cgt ctc gat gag ctg gtg cgt acc gag aag ggg 2831 Gly Ala Asp Arg Arg Arg Leu Asp Glu Leu Val Arg Thr Glu Lys Gly 770 775 780 gcg gtc agt gtc cca gag gat tac atc gag gtc agt gcc ttt ccc gaa 2879 Ala Val Ser Val Pro Glu Asp Tyr Ile Glu Val Ser Ala Phe Pro Glu 785 790 795 800 acc cgc agc ggg aag tat atg cgg cgc ttt ttg cgc aat atg atg ctc 2927 Thr Arg Ser Gly Lys Tyr Met Arg Arg Phe Leu Arg Asn Met Met Leu 805 810 815 gat gaa cca ctg ggt gat acg acg acg ttg cgc aat cct gaa gtg ctc 2975 Asp Glu Pro Leu Gly Asp Thr Thr Thr Leu Arg Asn Pro Glu Val Leu 820 825 830 gaa gag att gca gcc aag atc gct gag tgg aaa cgc cgt cag cgt atg 3023 Glu Glu Ile Ala Ala Lys Ile Ala Glu Trp Lys Arg Arg Gln Arg Met 835 840 845 gcc gaa gag cag cag atc atc gaa cgc tat cgc tac ttc cgg atc gag 3071 Ala Glu Glu Gln Gln Ile Ile Glu Arg Tyr Arg Tyr Phe Arg Ile Glu 850 855 860 tat cac cca cca acg gcc agt gcg ggt aaa ctc gcg gta gtg acg gtg 3119 Tyr His Pro Pro Thr Ala Ser Ala Gly Lys Leu Ala Val Val Thr Val 865 870 875 880 aca aat ccg ccg gtg aac gca ctg aat gag cgt gcg ctc gat gag ttg 3167 Thr Asn Pro Pro Val Asn Ala Leu Asn Glu Arg Ala Leu Asp Glu Leu 885 890 895 aac aca att gtt gac cac ctg gcc cgt cgt cag gat gtt gcc gca att 3215 Asn Thr Ile Val Asp His Leu Ala Arg Arg Gln Asp Val Ala Ala Ile 900 905 910 gtc ttc acc gga cag ggc gcc agg agt ttt gtc gcc ggc gct gat att 3263 Val Phe Thr Gly Gln Gly Ala Arg Ser Phe Val Ala Gly Ala Asp Ile 915 920 925 cgc cag ttg ctc gaa gag att cat acg gtt gaa gag gca atg gcc ctg 3311 Arg Gln Leu Leu Glu Glu Ile His Thr Val Glu Glu Ala Met Ala Leu 930 935 940 ccg aat aac gcc cat ctt gct ttc cgc aag att gag cgt atg aat aag 3359 Pro Asn Asn Ala His Leu Ala Phe Arg Lys Ile Glu Arg Met Asn Lys 945 950 955 960 ccg tgt atc gcg gcg atc aac ggt gtg gcg ctc ggt ggt ggt ctg gaa 3407 Pro Cys Ile Ala Ala Ile Asn Gly Val Ala Leu Gly Gly Gly Leu Glu 965 970 975 ttc gcc atg gcc tgc cat tac cgg gtt gcc gat gtc tat gcc gaa ttc 3455 Phe Ala Met Ala Cys His Tyr Arg Val Ala Asp Val Tyr Ala Glu Phe 980 985 990 ggt cag cca gag att aat ctg cgc ttg cta cct ggt tat ggt ggc acg 3503 Gly Gln Pro Glu Ile Asn Leu Arg Leu Leu Pro Gly Tyr Gly Gly Thr 995 1000 1005 cag cgc ttg ccg cgc ctg ttg tac aag cgc aac aac ggc acc ggt 3548 Gln Arg Leu Pro Arg Leu Leu Tyr Lys Arg Asn Asn Gly Thr Gly 1010 1015 1020 ctg ctc cga gcg ctg gag atg att ctg ggt ggg cgt agc gta ccg 3593 Leu Leu Arg Ala Leu Glu Met Ile Leu Gly Gly Arg Ser Val Pro 1025 1030 1035 gct gat gag gcg ctg aag ctg ggt ctg atc gat gcc att gct acc 3638 Ala Asp Glu Ala Leu Lys Leu Gly Leu Ile Asp Ala Ile Ala Thr 1040 1045 1050 ggc gat cag gac tca ctg tcg ctg gca tgc gcg tta gcc cgt gcc 3683 Gly Asp Gln Asp Ser Leu Ser Leu Ala Cys Ala Leu Ala Arg Ala 1055 1060 1065 gca atc ggc gcc gat ggt cag ttg atc gag tcg gct gcg gtg acc 3728 Ala Ile Gly Ala Asp Gly Gln Leu Ile Glu Ser Ala Ala Val Thr 1070 1075 1080 cag gct ttc cgc cat cgc cac gag cag ctt gac gag tgg cgc aaa 3773 Gln Ala Phe Arg His Arg His Glu Gln Leu Asp Glu Trp Arg Lys 1085 1090 1095 cca gac ccg cgc ttt gcc gat gac gaa ctg cgc tcg att atc gcc 3818 Pro Asp Pro Arg Phe Ala Asp Asp Glu Leu Arg Ser Ile Ile Ala 1100 1105 1110 cat cca cgt atc gag cgg att atc cgg cag gcc cat acc gtt ggg 3863 His Pro Arg Ile Glu Arg Ile Ile Arg Gln Ala His Thr Val Gly 1115 1120 1125 cgc gat gcg gca gtg cat cgg gca ctg gat gca atc cgc tat ggc 3908 Arg Asp Ala Ala Val His Arg Ala Leu Asp Ala Ile Arg Tyr Gly 1130 1135 1140 att atc cac ggc ttc gag gcc ggt ctg gag cac gag gcg aag ctc 3953 Ile Ile His Gly Phe Glu Ala Gly Leu Glu His Glu Ala Lys Leu 1145 1150 1155 ttt gcc gag gca gtg gtt gac ccg aac ggt ggc aag cgt ggt att 3998 Phe Ala Glu Ala Val Val Asp Pro Asn Gly Gly Lys Arg Gly Ile 1160 1165 1170 cgc gag ttc ctc gac cgc cag agt gcg ccg ttg cca acc cgc cga 4043 Arg Glu Phe Leu Asp Arg Gln Ser Ala Pro Leu Pro Thr Arg Arg 1175 1180 1185 cca ttg att aca cct gaa cag gag caa ctc ttg cgc gat cag aaa 4088 Pro Leu Ile Thr Pro Glu Gln Glu Gln Leu Leu Arg Asp Gln Lys 1190 1195 1200 gaa ctg ttg ccg gtt ggt tca ccc ttc ttc ccc ggt gtt gac cgg 4133 Glu Leu Leu Pro Val Gly Ser Pro Phe Phe Pro Gly Val Asp Arg 1205 1210 1215 att ccg aag tgg cag tac gcg cag gcg gtt att cgt gat ccg gac 4178 Ile Pro Lys Trp Gln Tyr Ala Gln Ala Val Ile Arg Asp Pro Asp 1220 1225 1230 acc ggt gcg gcg gct cac ggc gat ccc atc gtg gct gaa aag cag 4223 Thr Gly Ala Ala Ala His Gly Asp Pro Ile Val Ala Glu Lys Gln 1235 1240 1245 att att gtg ccg gtg gaa cgc ccc cgc gcc aat cag gcg ctg atc 4268 Ile Ile Val Pro Val Glu Arg Pro Arg Ala Asn Gln Ala Leu Ile 1250 1255 1260 tat gtt ctg gcc tcg gag gtg aac ttc aac gat atc tgg gcg att 4313 Tyr Val Leu Ala Ser Glu Val Asn Phe Asn Asp Ile Trp Ala Ile 1265 1270 1275 acc ggt att ccg gtg tca cgg ttt gat gag cac gac cgc gac tgg 4358 Thr Gly Ile Pro Val Ser Arg Phe Asp Glu His Asp Arg Asp Trp 1280 1285 1290 cac gtt acc ggt tca ggt ggc atc ggc ctg atc gtt gcg ctg ggt 4403 His Val Thr Gly Ser Gly Gly Ile Gly Leu Ile Val Ala Leu Gly 1295 1300 1305 gaa gag gcg cga cgc gaa ggc cgg ctg aag gtg ggt gat ctg gtg 4448 Glu Glu Ala Arg Arg Glu Gly Arg Leu Lys Val Gly Asp Leu Val 1310 1315 1320 gcg atc tac tcc ggg cag tcg gat ctg ctc tca ccg ctg atg ggc 4493 Ala Ile Tyr Ser Gly Gln Ser Asp Leu Leu Ser Pro Leu Met Gly 1325 1330 1335 ctt gat ccg atg gcc gcc gat ttc gtc atc cag ggg aac gac acg 4538 Leu Asp Pro Met Ala Ala Asp Phe Val Ile Gln Gly Asn Asp Thr 1340 1345 1350 cca gat gga tcg cat cag caa ttt atg ctg gcc cag gcc ccg cag 4583 Pro Asp Gly Ser His Gln Gln Phe Met Leu Ala Gln Ala Pro Gln 1355 1360 1365 tgt ctg ccc atc cca acc gat atg tct atc gag gca gcc ggc agc 4628 Cys Leu Pro Ile Pro Thr Asp Met Ser Ile Glu Ala Ala Gly Ser 1370 1375 1380 tac atc ctc aat ctc ggt acg atc tat cgc gcc ctc ttt acg acg 4673 Tyr Ile Leu Asn Leu Gly Thr Ile Tyr Arg Ala Leu Phe Thr Thr 1385 1390 1395 ttg caa atc aag gcc gga cgc acc atc ttt atc gag ggt gcg gcg 4718 Leu Gln Ile Lys Ala Gly Arg Thr Ile Phe Ile Glu Gly Ala Ala 1400 1405 1410 acc ggt acc ggt ctg gac gca gcg cgc tcg gcg gcc cgg aat ggt 4763 Thr Gly Thr Gly Leu Asp Ala Ala Arg Ser Ala Ala Arg Asn Gly 1415 1420 1425 ctg cgc gta att gga atg gtc agt tcg tcg tca cgt gcg tct acg 4808 Leu Arg Val Ile Gly Met Val Ser Ser Ser Ser Arg Ala Ser Thr 1430 1435 1440 ctg ctg gct gcg ggt gcc cac ggt gcg att aac cgt aaa gac ccg 4853 Leu Leu Ala Ala Gly Ala His Gly Ala Ile Asn Arg Lys Asp Pro 1445 1450 1455 gag gtt gcc gat tgt ttc acg cgc gtg ccc gaa gat cca tca gcc 4898 Glu Val Ala Asp Cys Phe Thr Arg Val Pro Glu Asp Pro Ser Ala 1460 1465 1470 tgg gca gcc tgg gaa gcc gcc ggt cag ccg ttg ctg gcg atg ttc 4943 Trp Ala Ala Trp Glu Ala Ala Gly Gln Pro Leu Leu Ala Met Phe 1475 1480 1485 cgg gcg cag aac gac ggg cga ctg gcc gat tat gtg gtc tcg cac 4988 Arg Ala Gln Asn Asp Gly Arg Leu Ala Asp Tyr Val Val Ser His 1490 1495 1500 gcg ggc gag acg gcc ttc ccg cgc agt ttc cag ctt ctc ggc gag 5033 Ala Gly Glu Thr Ala Phe Pro Arg Ser Phe Gln Leu Leu Gly Glu 1505 1510 1515 cca cgc gat ggt cac att ccg acg ctc aca ttc tac ggt gcc acc 5078 Pro Arg Asp Gly His Ile Pro Thr Leu Thr Phe Tyr Gly Ala Thr 1520 1525 1530 agt ggc tac cac ttc acc ttc ctg ggt aag cca ggg tca gct tcg 5123 Ser Gly Tyr His Phe Thr Phe Leu Gly Lys Pro Gly Ser Ala Ser 1535 1540 1545 ccg acc gag atg ctg cgg cgg gcc aat ctc cgc gcc ggt gag gcg 5168 Pro Thr Glu Met Leu Arg Arg Ala Asn Leu Arg Ala Gly Glu Ala 1550 1555 1560 gtg ttg atc tac tac ggg gtt ggg agc gat gac ctg gta gat acc 5213 Val Leu Ile Tyr Tyr Gly Val Gly Ser Asp Asp Leu Val Asp Thr 1565 1570 1575 ggc ggt ctg gag gct atc gag gcg gcg cgg caa atg gga gcg cgg 5258 Gly Gly Leu Glu Ala Ile Glu Ala Ala Arg Gln Met Gly Ala Arg 1580 1585 1590 atc gtc gtc gtt acc gtc agc gat gcg caa cgc gag ttt gtc ctc 5303 Ile Val Val Val Thr Val Ser Asp Ala Gln Arg Glu Phe Val Leu 1595 1600 1605 tcg ttg ggc ttc ggg gct gcc cta cgt ggt gtc gtc agc ctg gcg 5348 Ser Leu Gly Phe Gly Ala Ala Leu Arg Gly Val Val Ser Leu Ala 1610 1615 1620 gaa ctc aaa cgg cgc ttc ggc gat gag ttt gag tgg ccg cgc acg 5393 Glu Leu Lys Arg Arg Phe Gly Asp Glu Phe Glu Trp Pro Arg Thr 1625 1630 1635 atg ccg ccg ttg ccg aac gcc cgc cag gac ccg cag ggt ctg aaa 5438 Met Pro Pro Leu Pro Asn Ala Arg Gln Asp Pro Gln Gly Leu Lys 1640 1645 1650 gag gct gtc cgc cgc ttc aac gat ctg gtc ttc aag ccg cta gga 5483 Glu Ala Val Arg Arg Phe Asn Asp Leu Val Phe Lys Pro Leu Gly 1655 1660 1665 agc gcg gtc ggt gtc ttc ttg cgg agt gcc gac aat ccg cgt ggc 5528 Ser Ala Val Gly Val Phe Leu Arg Ser Ala Asp Asn Pro Arg Gly 1670 1675 1680 tac ccc gat ctg atc atc gag cgg gct gcc cac gat gca ctg gcg 5573 Tyr Pro Asp Leu Ile Ile Glu Arg Ala Ala His Asp Ala Leu Ala 1685 1690 1695 gtg agc gcg atg ctg atc aag ccc ttc acc gga cgg att gtc tac 5618 Val Ser Ala Met Leu Ile Lys Pro Phe Thr Gly Arg Ile Val Tyr 1700 1705 1710 ttc gag gac att ggt ggg cgg cgt tac tcc ttc ttc gca ccg caa 5663 Phe Glu Asp Ile Gly Gly Arg Arg Tyr Ser Phe Phe Ala Pro Gln 1715 1720 1725 atc tgg gtg cgc cag cgc cgc atc tac atg ccg acg gca cag atc 5708 Ile Trp Val Arg Gln Arg Arg Ile Tyr Met Pro Thr Ala Gln Ile 1730 1735 1740 ttt ggt acg cac ctc tca aat gcg tat gaa att ctg cgt ctg aat 5753 Phe Gly Thr His Leu Ser Asn Ala Tyr Glu Ile Leu Arg Leu Asn 1745 1750 1755 gat gag atc agc gcc ggt ctg ctg acg att acc gag ccg gca gtg 5798 Asp Glu Ile Ser Ala Gly Leu Leu Thr Ile Thr Glu Pro Ala Val 1760 1765 1770 gtg ccg tgg gat gaa cta ccc gaa gca cat cag gcg atg tgg gaa 5843 Val Pro Trp Asp Glu Leu Pro Glu Ala His Gln Ala Met Trp Glu 1775 1780 1785 aat cgc cac acg gcg gcc act tat gtg gtg aat cat gcc tta cca 5888 Asn Arg His Thr Ala Ala Thr Tyr Val Val Asn His Ala Leu Pro 1790 1795 1800 cgt ctc ggc cta aag aac agg gac gag ctg tac gag gcg tgg acg 5933 Arg Leu Gly Leu Lys Asn Arg Asp Glu Leu Tyr Glu Ala Trp Thr 1805 1810 1815 gcc ggc gag cgg tagcgcggat gggtattgaa caggtaacgg acggaagatc 5985 Ala Gly Glu Arg 1820 gaaccttccg tccgttatct tttggccgtc gaagcgtgct gagccgatta tcgttgccgt 6045 ggttgtcccg atgggcagac gcgctcgaac cagatgatac caccgacggc tatcgtcacc 6105 aaaccggcga agaccaggta agcctctgaa ggacgc 6141 39 1822 PRT Chloroflexus aurantiacus 39 Met Ile Asp Thr Ala Pro Leu Ala Pro Pro Arg Ala Pro Arg Ser Asn 1 5 10 15 Pro Ile Arg Asp Arg Val Asp Trp Glu Ala Gln Arg Ala Ala Ala Leu 20 25 30 Ala Asp Pro Gly Ala Phe His Gly Ala Ile Ala Arg Thr Val Ile His 35 40 45 Trp Tyr Asp Pro Gln His His Cys Trp Ile Arg Phe Asn Glu Ser Ser 50 55 60 Gln Arg Trp Glu Gly Leu Asp Ala Ala Thr Gly Ala Pro Val Thr Val 65 70 75 80 Asp Tyr Pro Ala Asp Tyr Gln Pro Trp Gln Gln Ala Phe Asp Asp Ser 85 90 95 Glu Ala Pro Phe Tyr Arg Trp Phe Ser Gly Gly Leu Thr Asn Ala Cys 100 105 110 Phe Asn Glu Val Asp Arg His Val Met Met Gly Tyr Gly Asp Glu Val 115 120 125 Ala Tyr Tyr Phe Glu Gly Asp Arg Trp Asp Asn Ser Leu Asn Asn Gly 130 135 140 Arg Gly Gly Pro Val Val Gln Glu Thr Ile Thr Arg Arg Arg Leu Leu 145 150 155 160 Val Glu Val Val Lys Ala Ala Gln Val Leu Arg Asp Leu Gly Leu Lys 165 170 175 Lys Gly Asp Arg Ile Ala Leu Asn Met Pro Asn Ile Met Pro Gln Ile 180 185 190 Tyr Tyr Thr Glu Ala Ala Lys Arg Leu Gly Ile Leu Tyr Thr Pro Val 195 200 205 Phe Gly Gly Phe Ser Asp Lys Thr Leu Ser Asp Arg Ile His Asn Ala 210 215 220 Gly Ala Arg Val Val Ile Thr Ser Asp Gly Ala Tyr Arg Asn Ala Gln 225 230 235 240 Val Val Pro Tyr Lys Glu Ala Tyr Thr Asp Gln Ala Leu Asp Lys Tyr 245 250 255 Ile Pro Val Glu Thr Ala Gln Ala Ile Val Ala Gln Thr Leu Ala Thr 260 265 270 Leu Pro Leu Thr Glu Ser Gln Arg Gln Thr Ile Ile Thr Glu Val Glu 275 280 285 Ala Ala Leu Ala Gly Glu Ile Thr Val Glu Arg Ser Asp Val Met Arg 290 295 300 Gly Val Gly Ser Ala Leu Ala Lys Leu Arg Asp Leu Asp Ala Ser Val 305 310 315 320 Gln Ala Lys Val Arg Thr Val Leu Ala Gln Ala Leu Val Glu Ser Pro 325 330 335 Pro Arg Val Glu Ala Val Val Val Val Arg His Thr Gly Gln Glu Ile 340 345 350 Leu Trp Asn Glu Gly Arg Asp Arg Trp Ser His Asp Leu Leu Asp Ala 355 360 365 Ala Leu Ala Lys Ile Leu Ala Asn Ala Arg Ala Ala Gly Phe Asp Val 370 375 380 His Ser Glu Asn Asp Leu Leu Asn Leu Pro Asp Asp Gln Leu Ile Arg 385 390 395 400 Ala Leu Tyr Ala Ser Ile Pro Cys Glu Pro Val Asp Ala Glu Tyr Pro 405 410 415 Met Phe Ile Ile Tyr Thr Ser Gly Ser Thr Gly Lys Pro Lys Gly Val 420 425 430 Ile His Val His Gly Gly Tyr Val Ala Gly Val Val His Thr Leu Arg 435 440 445 Val Ser Phe Asp Ala Glu Pro Gly Asp Thr Ile Tyr Val Ile Ala Asp 450 455 460 Pro Gly Trp Ile Thr Gly Gln Ser Tyr Met Leu Thr Ala Thr Met Ala 465 470 475 480 Gly Arg Leu Thr Gly Val Ile Ala Glu Gly Ser Pro Leu Phe Pro Ser 485 490 495 Ala Gly Arg Tyr Ala Ser Ile Ile Glu Arg Tyr Gly Val Gln Ile Phe 500 505 510 Lys Ala Gly Val Thr Phe Leu Lys Thr Val Met Ser Asn Pro Gln Asn 515 520 525 Val Glu Asp Val Arg Leu Tyr Asp Met His Ser Leu Arg Val Ala Thr 530 535 540 Phe Cys Ala Glu Pro Val Ser Pro Ala Val Gln Gln Phe Gly Met Gln 545 550 555 560 Ile Met Thr Pro Gln Tyr Ile Asn Ser Tyr Trp Ala Thr Glu His Gly 565 570 575 Gly Ile Val Trp Thr His Phe Tyr Gly Asn Gln Asp Phe Pro Leu Arg 580 585 590 Pro Asp Ala His Thr Tyr Pro Leu Pro Trp Val Met Gly Asp Val Trp 595 600 605 Val Ala Glu Thr Asp Glu Ser Gly Thr Thr Arg Tyr Arg Val Ala Asp 610 615 620 Phe Asp Glu Lys Gly Glu Ile Val Ile Thr Ala Pro Tyr Pro Tyr Leu 625 630 635 640 Thr Arg Thr Leu Trp Gly Asp Val Pro Gly Phe Glu Ala Tyr Leu Arg 645 650 655 Gly Glu Ile Pro Leu Arg Ala Trp Lys Gly Asp Ala Glu Arg Phe Val 660 665 670 Lys Thr Tyr Trp Arg Arg Gly Pro Asn Gly Glu Trp Gly Tyr Ile Gln 675 680 685 Gly Asp Phe Ala Ile Lys Tyr Pro Asp Gly Ser Phe Thr Leu His Gly 690 695 700 Arg Pro Asp Asp Val Ile Asn Val Ser Gly His Arg Met Gly Thr Glu 705 710 715 720 Glu Ile Glu Gly Ala Ile Leu Arg Asp Arg Gln Ile Thr Pro Asp Ser 725 730 735 Pro Val Gly Asn Cys Ile Val Val Gly Ala Pro His Arg Glu Lys Gly 740 745 750 Leu Thr Pro Val Ala Phe Ile Gln Pro Ala Pro Gly Arg His Leu Thr 755 760 765 Gly Ala Asp Arg Arg Arg Leu Asp Glu Leu Val Arg Thr Glu Lys Gly 770 775 780 Ala Val Ser Val Pro Glu Asp Tyr Ile Glu Val Ser Ala Phe Pro Glu 785 790 795 800 Thr Arg Ser Gly Lys Tyr Met Arg Arg Phe Leu Arg Asn Met Met Leu 805 810 815 Asp Glu Pro Leu Gly Asp Thr Thr Thr Leu Arg Asn Pro Glu Val Leu 820 825 830 Glu Glu Ile Ala Ala Lys Ile Ala Glu Trp Lys Arg Arg Gln Arg Met 835 840 845 Ala Glu Glu Gln Gln Ile Ile Glu Arg Tyr Arg Tyr Phe Arg Ile Glu 850 855 860 Tyr His Pro Pro Thr Ala Ser Ala Gly Lys Leu Ala Val Val Thr Val 865 870 875 880 Thr Asn Pro Pro Val Asn Ala Leu Asn Glu Arg Ala Leu Asp Glu Leu 885 890 895 Asn Thr Ile Val Asp His Leu Ala Arg Arg Gln Asp Val Ala Ala Ile 900 905 910 Val Phe Thr Gly Gln Gly Ala Arg Ser Phe Val Ala Gly Ala Asp Ile 915 920 925 Arg Gln Leu Leu Glu Glu Ile His Thr Val Glu Glu Ala Met Ala Leu 930 935 940 Pro Asn Asn Ala His Leu Ala Phe Arg Lys Ile Glu Arg Met Asn Lys 945 950 955 960 Pro Cys Ile Ala Ala Ile Asn Gly Val Ala Leu Gly Gly Gly Leu Glu 965 970 975 Phe Ala Met Ala Cys His Tyr Arg Val Ala Asp Val Tyr Ala Glu Phe 980 985 990 Gly Gln Pro Glu Ile Asn Leu Arg Leu Leu Pro Gly Tyr Gly Gly Thr 995 1000 1005 Gln Arg Leu Pro Arg Leu Leu Tyr Lys Arg Asn Asn Gly Thr Gly 1010 1015 1020 Leu Leu Arg Ala Leu Glu Met Ile Leu Gly Gly Arg Ser Val Pro 1025 1030 1035 Ala Asp Glu Ala Leu Lys Leu Gly Leu Ile Asp Ala Ile Ala Thr 1040 1045 1050 Gly Asp Gln Asp Ser Leu Ser Leu Ala Cys Ala Leu Ala Arg Ala 1055 1060 1065 Ala Ile Gly Ala Asp Gly Gln Leu Ile Glu Ser Ala Ala Val Thr 1070 1075 1080 Gln Ala Phe Arg His Arg His Glu Gln Leu Asp Glu Trp Arg Lys 1085 1090 1095 Pro Asp Pro Arg Phe Ala Asp Asp Glu Leu Arg Ser Ile Ile Ala 1100 1105 1110 His Pro Arg Ile Glu Arg Ile Ile Arg Gln Ala His Thr Val Gly 1115 1120 1125 Arg Asp Ala Ala Val His Arg Ala Leu Asp Ala Ile Arg Tyr Gly 1130 1135 1140 Ile Ile His Gly Phe Glu Ala Gly Leu Glu His Glu Ala Lys Leu 1145 1150 1155 Phe Ala Glu Ala Val Val Asp Pro Asn Gly Gly Lys Arg Gly Ile 1160 1165 1170 Arg Glu Phe Leu Asp Arg Gln Ser Ala Pro Leu Pro Thr Arg Arg 1175 1180 1185 Pro Leu Ile Thr Pro Glu Gln Glu Gln Leu Leu Arg Asp Gln Lys 1190 1195 1200 Glu Leu Leu Pro Val Gly Ser Pro Phe Phe Pro Gly Val Asp Arg 1205 1210 1215 Ile Pro Lys Trp Gln Tyr Ala Gln Ala Val Ile Arg Asp Pro Asp 1220 1225 1230 Thr Gly Ala Ala Ala His Gly Asp Pro Ile Val Ala Glu Lys Gln 1235 1240 1245 Ile Ile Val Pro Val Glu Arg Pro Arg Ala Asn Gln Ala Leu Ile 1250 1255 1260 Tyr Val Leu Ala Ser Glu Val Asn Phe Asn Asp Ile Trp Ala Ile 1265 1270 1275 Thr Gly Ile Pro Val Ser Arg Phe Asp Glu His Asp Arg Asp Trp 1280 1285 1290 His Val Thr Gly Ser Gly Gly Ile Gly Leu Ile Val Ala Leu Gly 1295 1300 1305 Glu Glu Ala Arg Arg Glu Gly Arg Leu Lys Val Gly Asp Leu Val 1310 1315 1320 Ala Ile Tyr Ser Gly Gln Ser Asp Leu Leu Ser Pro Leu Met Gly 1325 1330 1335 Leu Asp Pro Met Ala Ala Asp Phe Val Ile Gln Gly Asn Asp Thr 1340 1345 1350 Pro Asp Gly Ser His Gln Gln Phe Met Leu Ala Gln Ala Pro Gln 1355 1360 1365 Cys Leu Pro Ile Pro Thr Asp Met Ser Ile Glu Ala Ala Gly Ser 1370 1375 1380 Tyr Ile Leu Asn Leu Gly Thr Ile Tyr Arg Ala Leu Phe Thr Thr 1385 1390 1395 Leu Gln Ile Lys Ala Gly Arg Thr Ile Phe Ile Glu Gly Ala Ala 1400 1405 1410 Thr Gly Thr Gly Leu Asp Ala Ala Arg Ser Ala Ala Arg Asn Gly 1415 1420 1425 Leu Arg Val Ile Gly Met Val Ser Ser Ser Ser Arg Ala Ser Thr 1430 1435 1440 Leu Leu Ala Ala Gly Ala His Gly Ala Ile Asn Arg Lys Asp Pro 1445 1450 1455 Glu Val Ala Asp Cys Phe Thr Arg Val Pro Glu Asp Pro Ser Ala 1460 1465 1470 Trp Ala Ala Trp Glu Ala Ala Gly Gln Pro Leu Leu Ala Met Phe 1475 1480 1485 Arg Ala Gln Asn Asp Gly Arg Leu Ala Asp Tyr Val Val Ser His 1490 1495 1500 Ala Gly Glu Thr Ala Phe Pro Arg Ser Phe Gln Leu Leu Gly Glu 1505 1510 1515 Pro Arg Asp Gly His Ile Pro Thr Leu Thr Phe Tyr Gly Ala Thr 1520 1525 1530 Ser Gly Tyr His Phe Thr Phe Leu Gly Lys Pro Gly Ser Ala Ser 1535 1540 1545 Pro Thr Glu Met Leu Arg Arg Ala Asn Leu Arg Ala Gly Glu Ala 1550 1555 1560 Val Leu Ile Tyr Tyr Gly Val Gly Ser Asp Asp Leu Val Asp Thr 1565 1570 1575 Gly Gly Leu Glu Ala Ile Glu Ala Ala Arg Gln Met Gly Ala Arg 1580 1585 1590 Ile Val Val Val Thr Val Ser Asp Ala Gln Arg Glu Phe Val Leu 1595 1600 1605 Ser Leu Gly Phe Gly Ala Ala Leu Arg Gly Val Val Ser Leu Ala 1610 1615 1620 Glu Leu Lys Arg Arg Phe Gly Asp Glu Phe Glu Trp Pro Arg Thr 1625 1630 1635 Met Pro Pro Leu Pro Asn Ala Arg Gln Asp Pro Gln Gly Leu Lys 1640 1645 1650 Glu Ala Val Arg Arg Phe Asn Asp Leu Val Phe Lys Pro Leu Gly 1655 1660 1665 Ser Ala Val Gly Val Phe Leu Arg Ser Ala Asp Asn Pro Arg Gly 1670 1675 1680 Tyr Pro Asp Leu Ile Ile Glu Arg Ala Ala His Asp Ala Leu Ala 1685 1690 1695 Val Ser Ala Met Leu Ile Lys Pro Phe Thr Gly Arg Ile Val Tyr 1700 1705 1710 Phe Glu Asp Ile Gly Gly Arg Arg Tyr Ser Phe Phe Ala Pro Gln 1715 1720 1725 Ile Trp Val Arg Gln Arg Arg Ile Tyr Met Pro Thr Ala Gln Ile 1730 1735 1740 Phe Gly Thr His Leu Ser Asn Ala Tyr Glu Ile Leu Arg Leu Asn 1745 1750 1755 Asp Glu Ile Ser Ala Gly Leu Leu Thr Ile Thr Glu Pro Ala Val 1760 1765 1770 Val Pro Trp Asp Glu Leu Pro Glu Ala His Gln Ala Met Trp Glu 1775 1780 1785 Asn Arg His Thr Ala Ala Thr Tyr Val Val Asn His Ala Leu Pro 1790 1795 1800 Arg Leu Gly Leu Lys Asn Arg Asp Glu Leu Tyr Glu Ala Trp Thr 1805 1810 1815 Ala Gly Glu Arg 1820 40 777 DNA Chloroflexus aurantiacus CDS (1)..(774) 40 atg agt gaa gag tct ctg gtt ctc agc aca att gaa ggc ccc atc gcc 48 Met Ser Glu Glu Ser Leu Val Leu Ser Thr Ile Glu Gly Pro Ile Ala 1 5 10 15 atc ctc acc ctc aat cgc ccc cag gcc ctc aat gcg ctc agt ccg gcc 96 Ile Leu Thr Leu Asn Arg Pro Gln Ala Leu Asn Ala Leu Ser Pro Ala 20 25 30 ttg att gat gac ctc att cgc cat tta gaa gcc tgc gat gcc gat gac 144 Leu Ile Asp Asp Leu Ile Arg His Leu Glu Ala Cys Asp Ala Asp Asp 35 40 45 aca atc cgc gtg atc att atc acc ggc gcc gga cgg gca ttt gct gcc 192 Thr Ile Arg Val Ile Ile Ile Thr Gly Ala Gly Arg Ala Phe Ala Ala 50 55 60 ggc gct gat atc aaa gcg atg gcc aat gcc acg cct att gat atg ctc 240 Gly Ala Asp Ile Lys Ala Met Ala Asn Ala Thr Pro Ile Asp Met Leu 65 70 75 80 acc agt ggc atg att gcg cgc tgg gca cgc atc gcc gcg gtg cgc aaa 288 Thr Ser Gly Met Ile Ala Arg Trp Ala Arg Ile Ala Ala Val Arg Lys 85 90 95 ccg gtg att gct gcc gtg aat ggg tat gcg ctc ggt ggt ggt tgt gaa 336 Pro Val Ile Ala Ala Val Asn Gly Tyr Ala Leu Gly Gly Gly Cys Glu 100 105 110 ttg gca atg atg tgc gac atc atc atc gcc agt gaa aac gcg cag ttc 384 Leu Ala Met Met Cys Asp Ile Ile Ile Ala Ser Glu Asn Ala Gln Phe 115 120 125 gga caa ccg gaa atc aat ctg ggc atc att ccc ggt gct ggt ggc acc 432 Gly Gln Pro Glu Ile Asn Leu Gly Ile Ile Pro Gly Ala Gly Gly Thr 130 135 140 caa cgg ctg acc cgc gcc ctt ggc ccg tat cgc gca atg gaa ttg atc 480 Gln Arg Leu Thr Arg Ala Leu Gly Pro Tyr Arg Ala Met Glu Leu Ile 145 150 155 160 ctg acc ggc gcg acc atc agt gct cag gaa gct ctc gcc cac ggc ctg 528 Leu Thr Gly Ala Thr Ile Ser Ala Gln Glu Ala Leu Ala His Gly Leu 165 170 175 gtg tgc cgg gtc tgc ccg cct gaa agc ctg ctc gat gaa gcc cgt cgg 576 Val Cys Arg Val Cys Pro Pro Glu Ser Leu Leu Asp Glu Ala Arg Arg 180 185 190 atc gcg caa acc att gcc acc aaa tca cca ctg gct gta cag ttg gcg 624 Ile Ala Gln Thr Ile Ala Thr Lys Ser Pro Leu Ala Val Gln Leu Ala 195 200 205 aaa gag gca gtc cgt atg gcc gcc gaa acc act gtg cgc gag ggg ttg 672 Lys Glu Ala Val Arg Met Ala Ala Glu Thr Thr Val Arg Glu Gly Leu 210 215 220 gct atc gag ctg cgt aac ttc tat ctg ctg ttt gcc agt gct gac caa 720 Ala Ile Glu Leu Arg Asn Phe Tyr Leu Leu Phe Ala Ser Ala Asp Gln 225 230 235 240 aaa gag ggg atg cag gca ttt atc gag aaa cgc gct ccc aac ttc agt 768 Lys Glu Gly Met Gln Ala Phe Ile Glu Lys Arg Ala Pro Asn Phe Ser 245 250 255 ggt cgt tga 777 Gly Arg 41 258 PRT Chloroflexus aurantiacus 41 Met Ser Glu Glu Ser Leu Val Leu Ser Thr Ile Glu Gly Pro Ile Ala 1 5 10 15 Ile Leu Thr Leu Asn Arg Pro Gln Ala Leu Asn Ala Leu Ser Pro Ala 20 25 30 Leu Ile Asp Asp Leu Ile Arg His Leu Glu Ala Cys Asp Ala Asp Asp 35 40 45 Thr Ile Arg Val Ile Ile Ile Thr Gly Ala Gly Arg Ala Phe Ala Ala 50 55 60 Gly Ala Asp Ile Lys Ala Met Ala Asn Ala Thr Pro Ile Asp Met Leu 65 70 75 80 Thr Ser Gly Met Ile Ala Arg Trp Ala Arg Ile Ala Ala Val Arg Lys 85 90 95 Pro Val Ile Ala Ala Val Asn Gly Tyr Ala Leu Gly Gly Gly Cys Glu 100 105 110 Leu Ala Met Met Cys Asp Ile Ile Ile Ala Ser Glu Asn Ala Gln Phe 115 120 125 Gly Gln Pro Glu Ile Asn Leu Gly Ile Ile Pro Gly Ala Gly Gly Thr 130 135 140 Gln Arg Leu Thr Arg Ala Leu Gly Pro Tyr Arg Ala Met Glu Leu Ile 145 150 155 160 Leu Thr Gly Ala Thr Ile Ser Ala Gln Glu Ala Leu Ala His Gly Leu 165 170 175 Val Cys Arg Val Cys Pro Pro Glu Ser Leu Leu Asp Glu Ala Arg Arg 180 185 190 Ile Ala Gln Thr Ile Ala Thr Lys Ser Pro Leu Ala Val Gln Leu Ala 195 200 205 Lys Glu Ala Val Arg Met Ala Ala Glu Thr Thr Val Arg Glu Gly Leu 210 215 220 Ala Ile Glu Leu Arg Asn Phe Tyr Leu Leu Phe Ala Ser Ala Asp Gln 225 230 235 240 Lys Glu Gly Met Gln Ala Phe Ile Glu Lys Arg Ala Pro Asn Phe Ser 245 250 255 Gly Arg 42 1220 DNA Chloroflexus aurantiacus 42 ggcgtaatcc gaccggcagg ttagggtctt ctactggggt caaggcgcgt ctccttttgg 60 tggcgcgagc aacccggctt ttcctggctt caatgtacca tagagcggtt acttcgtgca 120 acgggcgtgg tacaatcgag agcaaccttt cgcaaaagct atccaatcct gcacacgtgc 180 atctgttaca gggtattatt gtcggcaaac gacagtcctg tcgtttatgt acaaggagat 240 caacgtatga gtgaagagtc tctggttctc agcacaattg aaggccccat cgccatcctc 300 accctcaatc gcccccaggc cctcaatgcg ctcagtccgg ccttgattga tgacctcatt 360 cgccatttag aagcctgcga tgccgatgac acaatccgcg tgatcattat caccggcgcc 420 ggacgggcat ttgctgccgg cgctgatatc aaagcgatgg ccaatgccac gcctattgat 480 atgctcacca gtggcatgat tgcgcgctgg gcacgcatcg ccgcggtgcg caaaccggtg 540 attgctgccg tgaatgggta tgcgctcggt ggtggttgtg aattggcaat gatgtgcgac 600 atcatcatcg ccagtgaaaa cgcgcagttc ggacaaccgg aaatcaatct gggcatcatt 660 cccggtgctg gtggcaccca acggctgacc cgcgcccttg gcccgtatcg cgcaatggaa 720 ttgatcctga ccggcgcgac catcagtgct caggaagctc tcgcccacgg cctggtgtgc 780 cgggtctgcc cgcctgaaag cctgctcgat gaagcccgtc ggatcgcgca aaccattgcc 840 accaaatcac cactggctgt acagttggcg aaagaggcag tccgtatggc cgccgaaacc 900 actgtgcgcg aggggttggc tatcgagctg cgtaacttct atctgctgtt tgccagtgct 960 gaccaaaaag aggggatgca ggcatttatc gagaaacgcg ctcccaactt cagtggtcgt 1020 tgatcacgcg cagaacatgg cagcaggggc aatacctgca cgtactgcct cctgccgcca 1080 tactaccaga tgatcgagca gtaaagggta aatactctat caatctggcc agataagcgg 1140 ttgggtaaca acgcaatgct ccaaaggaga cgatcatgga catacacgag cgattgcgat 1200 ctctcgaacg cgaaaatgct 1220 43 774 DNA Mycobacterium tuberculosis 43 atgacgtacg aaaccatcct ggtcgagcgc gatcagcgag ttggcattat cacgctgaac 60 cgtccccagg cactgaacgc gctcaacagc caggtgatga acgaggtcac cagcgctgca 120 accgaactgg acgatgaccc ggacattggg gcgatcatca tcaccggttc ggccaaagcg 180 tttgccgccg gagccgacat caaagaaatg gccgacctga cgttcgccga cgcgttcacc 240 gccgacttct tcgccacctg gggcaagctg gccgccgtgc gcaccccgac gatcgccgcg 300 gtggcgggat acgcgctcgg cggtggctgc gagctggcga tgatgtgcga cgtgctgatc 360 gccgccgaca ccgcgaagtt cggacagccc gagataaagc tgggcgtgct gccaggcatg 420 ggcggctccc agcggctgac ccgggctatc ggcaaggcta aggcgatgga cctcatcctg 480 accgggcgca ccatggacgc cgccgaggcc gagcgcagcg gtctggtttc acgggtggtg 540 ccggccgacg acttgctgac cgaagccagg gccactgcca cgaccatttc gcagatgtcg 600 gcctcggcgg cccggatggc caaggaggcc gtcaaccggg ctttcgaatc cagtttgtcc 660 gaggggctgc tctacgaacg ccggcttttc cattcggctt tcgcgaccga agaccaatcc 720 gaaggtatgg cagcgttcat cgagaaacgc gctccccagt tcacccaccg atga 774 44 873 DNA Homo sapiens 44 atggccgccc tgcgtgtcct gctgtcctgc gcccgcggcc cgctgaggcc cccggttcgc 60 tgtcccgcct ggcgtccctt cgcctcgggt gctaactttg agtacatcat cgcagaaaaa 120 agagggaaga ataacaccgt ggggttgatc caactgaacc gccccaaggc cctcaatgca 180 ctttgcgatg gcctgattga cgagctcaac caggccctga agatcttcga ggaggacccg 240 gccgttgggg gcattgtcct caccggcggg gataaggcct ttgcagctgg agctgatatc 300 aaggaaatgc agaacctgag tttccaggac tgttactcca gcaagttctt gaagcactgg 360 ggccacctca cccaggtcaa gaagccagtc atcgctgctg tcaatggcta tccgtttggc 420 gggggctgtg agcttgccat gatgtgtgat atcatctatg ccggtgagaa ggcccagttt 480 gcacagccgg agatcttaat aggaaccatc ccaggtgcag gcggcaccca gagactcacc 540 cgtgctgttg ggaagtcgct ggagctggag atggtcctca ccggtgacgc gatctcagcc 600 caggacgcca agcaagcagg tcttgtcagc aagatttgtc ctgttgagac actggtggaa 660 gaagccatcc agtgtgcaga aaaaattgcc agcaattcta aaattgtagt agcgatggcc 720 aaagaatcag tgaatgcagc ttttgaaatg acattaacag aaggaagtaa gttggagaag 780 aaactctttt attcaacctt tgccactgat gaccggaaag aagggatgac cgcgtttgtg 840 gaaaagagaa aggccaactt caaagaccag tga 873 45 873 DNA Rattus norvegicus 45 atggcggccc tgcgtgctct gctgcccaga gcctgcaact cgctgttgtc cccagttcgc 60 tgcccagaat tccggcgctt cgcctcgggt gctaactttc agtacatcat cacggaaaag 120 aaaggaaaga atagcagcgt ggggctgatc cagttgaacc gtcccaaagc actcaatgca 180 ctttgcaatg gactgattga ggagctcaac caagcactgg agacctttga ggaagatccc 240 gctgtgggcg ccattgtgct cactggtggg gagaaggcct ttgcagccgg agctgacatc 300 aaggaaatgc agaaccggac atttcaggac tgttactcag gcaagttcct gagccactgg 360 gaccatatca cccggatcaa gaaaccggtc atcgcggctg tcaatggcta tgctcttggt 420 gggggctgtg aacttgccat gatgtgcgat atcatctatg ctggtgagaa agcccagttt 480 ggacagccag aaatcctcct ggggaccatc ccaggtgcag ggggcactca gagactcacc 540 cgagcagtcg gcaaatcact agcaatggag atggtcctca ctggtgaccg aatttcagca 600 caggatgcca agcaagcagg tcttgtaagc aagatttttc ccgttgaaac actggttgaa 660 gaggccatcc aatgtgcaga aaagatcgcc aacaattcca agatcatagt agccatggcg 720 aaagaatctg tgaatgcagc ctttgaaatg acgttaacag aaggaaataa gctggagaag 780 aagctcttct attccacctt tgccactgat gaccggagag aagggatgtc tgcctttgtg 840 gagaaaagga aggccaactt caaagaccac tga 873 46 257 PRT Mycobacterium tuberculosis 46 Met Thr Tyr Glu Thr Ile Leu Val Glu Arg Asp Gln Arg Val Gly Ile 1 5 10 15 Ile Thr Leu Asn Arg Pro Gln Ala Leu Asn Ala Leu Asn Ser Gln Val 20 25 30 Met Asn Glu Val Thr Ser Ala Ala Thr Glu Leu Asp Asp Asp Pro Asp 35 40 45 Ile Gly Ala Ile Ile Ile Thr Gly Ser Ala Lys Ala Phe Ala Ala Gly 50 55 60 Ala Asp Ile Lys Glu Met Ala Asp Leu Thr Phe Ala Asp Ala Phe Thr 65 70 75 80 Ala Asp Phe Phe Ala Thr Trp Gly Lys Leu Ala Ala Val Arg Thr Pro 85 90 95 Thr Ile Ala Ala Val Ala Gly Tyr Ala Leu Gly Gly Gly Cys Glu Leu 100 105 110 Ala Met Met Cys Asp Val Leu Ile Ala Ala Asp Thr Ala Lys Phe Gly 115 120 125 Gln Pro Glu Ile Lys Leu Gly Val Leu Pro Gly Met Gly Gly Ser Gln 130 135 140 Arg Leu Thr Arg Ala Ile Gly Lys Ala Lys Ala Met Asp Leu Ile Leu 145 150 155 160 Thr Gly Arg Thr Met Asp Ala Ala Glu Ala Glu Arg Ser Gly Leu Val 165 170 175 Ser Arg Val Val Pro Ala Asp Asp Leu Leu Thr Glu Ala Arg Ala Thr 180 185 190 Ala Thr Thr Ile Ser Gln Met Ser Ala Ser Ala Ala Arg Met Ala Lys 195 200 205 Glu Ala Val Asn Arg Ala Phe Glu Ser Ser Leu Ser Glu Gly Leu Leu 210 215 220 Tyr Glu Arg Arg Leu Phe His Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Glu Asp Gln Ser 225 230 235 240 Glu Gly Met Ala Ala Phe Ile Glu Lys Arg Ala Pro Gln Phe Thr His 245 250 255 Arg 47 290 PRT Homo sapiens 47 Met Ala Ala Leu Arg Val Leu Leu Ser Cys Ala Arg Gly Pro Leu Arg 1 5 10 15 Pro Pro Val Arg Cys Pro Ala Trp Arg Pro Phe Ala Ser Gly Ala Asn 20 25 30 Phe Glu Tyr Ile Ile Ala Glu Lys Arg Gly Lys Asn Asn Thr Val Gly 35 40 45 Leu Ile Gln Leu Asn Arg Pro Lys Ala Leu Asn Ala Leu Cys Asp Gly 50 55 60 Leu Ile Asp Glu Leu Asn Gln Ala Leu Lys Ile Phe Glu Glu Asp Pro 65 70 75 80 Ala Val Gly Ala Ile Val Leu Thr Gly Gly Asp Lys Ala Phe Ala Ala 85 90 95 Gly Ala Asp Ile Lys Glu Met Gln Asn Leu Ser Phe Gln Asp Cys Tyr 100 105 110 Ser Ser Lys Phe Leu Lys His Trp Asp His Leu Thr Gln Val Lys Lys 115 120 125 Pro Val Ile Ala Ala Val Asn Gly Tyr Ala Phe Gly Gly Gly Cys Glu 130 135 140 Leu Ala Met Met Cys Asp Ile Ile Tyr Ala Gly Glu Lys Ala Gln Phe 145 150 155 160 Ala Gln Pro Glu Ile Leu Ile Gly Thr Ile Pro Gly Ala Gly Gly Thr 165 170 175 Gln Arg Leu Thr Arg Ala Val Gly Lys Ser Leu Ala Met Glu Met Val 180 185 190 Leu Thr Gly Asp Arg Ile Ser Ala Gln Asp Ala Lys Gln Ala Gly Leu 195 200 205 Val Ser Lys Ile Cys Pro Val Glu Thr Leu Val Glu Glu Ala Ile Gln 210 215 220 Cys Ala Glu Lys Ile Ala Ser Asn Ser Lys Ile Val Val Ala Met Ala 225 230 235 240 Lys Glu Ser Val Asn Ala Ala Phe Glu Met Thr Leu Thr Glu Gly Ser 245 250 255 Lys Leu Glu Lys Lys Leu Phe Tyr Ser Thr Phe Ala Thr Asp Asp Arg 260 265 270 Lys Glu Gly Met Thr Ala Phe Val Glu Lys Arg Lys Ala Asn Phe Lys 275 280 285 Asp Gln 290 48 290 PRT Rattus norvegicus 48 Met Ala Ala Leu Arg Ala Leu Leu Pro Arg Ala Cys Asn Ser Leu Leu 1 5 10 15 Ser Pro Val Arg Cys Pro Glu Phe Arg Arg Phe Ala Ser Gly Ala Asn 20 25 30 Phe Gln Tyr Ile Ile Thr Glu Lys Lys Gly Lys Asn Ser Ser Val Gly 35 40 45 Leu Ile Gln Leu Asn Arg Pro Lys Ala Leu Asn Ala Leu Cys Asn Gly 50 55 60 Leu Ile Glu Glu Leu Asn Gln Ala Leu Glu Thr Phe Glu Glu Asp Pro 65 70 75 80 Ala Val Gly Ala Ile Val Leu Thr Gly Gly Glu Lys Ala Phe Ala Ala 85 90 95 Gly Ala Asp Ile Lys Glu Met Gln Asn Arg Thr Phe Gln Asp Cys Tyr 100 105 110 Ser Gly Lys Phe Leu Ser His Trp Asp His Ile Thr Arg Ile Lys Lys 115 120 125 Pro Val Ile Ala Ala Val Asn Gly Tyr Ala Leu Gly Gly Gly Cys Glu 130 135 140 Leu Ala Met Met Cys Asp Ile Ile Tyr Ala Gly Glu Lys Ala Gln Phe 145 150 155 160 Gly Gln Pro Glu Ile Leu Leu Gly Thr Ile Pro Gly Ala Gly Gly Thr 165 170 175 Gln Arg Leu Thr Arg Ala Val Gly Lys Ser Leu Ala Met Glu Met Val 180 185 190 Leu Thr Gly Asp Arg Ile Ser Ala Gln Asp Ala Lys Gln Ala Gly Leu 195 200 205 Val Ser Lys Ile Phe Pro Val Glu Thr Leu Val Glu Glu Ala Ile Gln 210 215 220 Cys Ala Glu Lys Ile Ala Asn Asn Ser Lys Ile Ile Val Ala Met Ala 225 230 235 240 Lys Glu Ser Val Asn Ala Ala Phe Glu Met Thr Leu Thr Glu Gly Asn 245 250 255 Lys Leu Glu Lys Lys Leu Phe Tyr Ser Thr Phe Ala Thr Asp Asp Arg 260 265 270 Arg Glu Gly Met Ser Ala Phe Val Glu Lys Arg Lys Ala Asn Phe Lys 275 280 285 Asp His 290 49 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 49 gaawscggys cnatyggygg 20 50 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 50 ttytgyggyr sbttyacbgc wgg 23 51 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 51 ccwgcvgtra avsyrccrca raa 23 52 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 52 aaracdsmrc gttcvgtrat rta 23 53 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 53 tcrayrccsg gwgcrayttc 20 54 27 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 54 gaatgtttac ttctgcggca ccttcac 27 55 28 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 55 gaccagatca ctttcaacgg ttcctatg 28 56 27 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 56 gcataggaac cgttgaaagt gatctgg 27 57 28 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 57 gttagtaccg aacttgctga cgttgatg 28 58 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 58 atgagaaaag tagaaatcat tac 23 59 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 59 ggcggaagtt gacgataatg 20 60 17 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 60 gcwacbggyt ayggycg 17 61 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 61 gtyrtygayr tyggyggyca gga 23 62 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 62 atgaacgaya artgygcwgc wgg 23 63 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 63 tgygcwgcwg gyacbggycg ytt 23 64 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 64 tcctgrccrc crayrtcray rac 23 65 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 65 ccwgcwgcrc ayttrtcgtt cat 23 66 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 66 aarcgrccvg trccwgcwgc rca 23 67 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 67 gcttcgswtt cracratgsw 20 68 24 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 68 gswratract tcgcwttcwg craa 24 69 27 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 69 acgtcatgtc gaaggtactg gaaatcc 27 70 27 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 70 gggactggta cttcaaatcg aagcatc 27 71 27 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 71 tgacggcagc gggatgcttc gatttga 27 72 27 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 72 tcagacatgg ggatttccag taccttc 27 73 30 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 73 ccgtgttact tgggaaggta tcgctgtctg 30 74 30 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 74 gccaatgaag gaggaaacca ctaatgagtc 30 75 32 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 75 gggaattcca tatgaaaact gtgtatactc tc 32 76 31 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 76 cgacggatcc ttagaggatt tccgagaaag c 31 77 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 77 aaycgbccva argcnctsaa ygc 23 78 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 78 ttygtbgcng gygcngayat 20 79 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 79 atrtcngcrc cngcvacraa 20 80 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 80 ccrccrccsa gngcrwarcc rtt 23 81 21 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 81 sswngcratv cgratrtcra c 21 82 26 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 82 cgctgatatt cgccagttgc tcgaag 26 83 27 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 83 cccatcttgc tttccgcaag attgagc 27 84 28 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 84 caatggccct gccgaataac gcccatct 28 85 26 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 85 cttcgagcaa ctggcgaata tcagcg 26 86 27 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 86 gctcaatctt gcggaaagca agatggg 27 87 28 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 87 agatgggcgt tattcggcag ggccattg 28 88 30 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 88 aagctgggtc tgatcgatgc cattgctacc 30 89 28 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 89 ctcgattatc gcccatccac gtatcgag 28 90 30 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 90 tggatgcaat ccgctatggc attatccacg 30 91 30 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 91 tcattcagtg cgttcaccgg cggatttgtc 30 92 30 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 92 tcgatccgga agtagcgata gcgttcgatg 30 93 30 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 93 cttggctgca atctcttcga gcacttcagg 30 94 26 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 94 catcagaggt aatcaccact cgtgca 26 95 26 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 95 aagtagtagg ccacctcgtc gccata 26 96 26 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 96 gccaatcagg cgctgatcta tgttct 26 97 26 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 97 ctgatctatg ttctggcctc ggaggt 26 98 27 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 98 ggctgatatc aaagcgatgg ccaatgc 27 99 27 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 99 ccacgcctat tgatatgctc accagtg 27 100 28 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 100 gcaaaccggt gattgctgcc gtgaatgg 28 101 27 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 101 gcattggcca tcgctttgat atcagcc 27 102 27 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 102 cactggtgag catatcaata ggcgtgg 27 103 28 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 103 ccattcacgg cagcaatcac cggtttgc 28 104 30 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 104 tcatcatcgc cagtgaaaac gcgcagttcg 30 105 30 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 105 ggatcgcgca aaccattgcc accaaatcac 30 106 27 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 106 atgagtgaag agtctctggt tctcagc 27 107 24 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 107 agatcgcaat cgctcgtgta tgtc 24 108 39 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 108 gggaattcca tatgagaaaa gtagaaatca ttacagctg 39 109 39 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 109 gagagtatac acagttttca cctcctttac agcagagat 39 110 39 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 110 atctctgctg taaaggaggt gaaaactgtg tatactctc 39 111 40 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 111 acgttgatct ccttgtacat tagaggattt ccgagaaagc 40 112 40 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 112 gctttctcgg aaatcctcta atgtacaagg agatcaacgt 40 113 30 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 113 cgacggatcc tcaacgacca ctgaagttgg 30 114 31 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 114 cgacggatcc ttagaggatt tccgagaaag c 31 115 38 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 115 ggtgtctaga gacagtcctg tcgtttatgt agaaggag 38 116 52 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 116 gggaattcca tatgcgtaac ttcctcctgc tatcaacgac cactgaagtt gg 52 117 38 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 117 acgttgatct ccttctacat tattttttca gtcccatg 38 118 38 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 118 ggtgtctaga gtcaaaggag agaacaaaat catgagtg 38 119 53 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 119 gggaattcca tatgcgtaac ttcctcctgc tattagagga tttccgagaa agc 53 120 52 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 120 tcagtggtcg ttgatcacgc tataaagaaa ggtgaaaact gtgtatactc tc 52 121 32 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 121 cgacggatcc cttccttgga gctcatgctt tc 32 122 38 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 122 catgggactg aaaaaataat gtagaaggag atcaacgt 38 123 52 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 123 gagagtatac acagttttca cctttcttta tagcgtgatc aacgaccact ga 52 124 40 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 124 ccaacttcag tggtcgttag tgaaaactgt gtatactctc 40 125 40 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 125 gagagtatac acagttttca ctaacgacca ctgaagttgg 40 126 35 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 126 gtcgcagaat tcccatcaat cgcagcaatc ccaac 35 127 35 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 127 taacatggta ccgacagaag cggaccagca aacga 35 128 30 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 128 cgacggatcc tcaacgacca ctgaagttgg 30 129 5469 DNA Chloroflexus aurantiacus 129 atgatcgaca ctgcgcccct tgccccacca cgggcgcccc gctctaatcc gattcgggat 60 cgagttgatt gggaagctca gcgcgctgct gcgctggcag atcccggtgc ctttcatggc 120 gcgattgccc ggacagttat ccactggtac gacccacaac accattgctg gattcgcttc 180 aacgagtcta gtcagcgttg ggaagggctg gatgccgcta ccggtgcccc tgtaacggta 240 gactatcccg ccgattatca gccctggcaa caggcgtttg atgatagtga agcgccgttt 300 taccgctggt ttagtggtgg gttgacaaat gcctgcttta atgaagtaga ccggcatgtc 360 atgatgggct atggcgacga ggtggcctac tactttgaag gtgaccgctg ggataactcg 420 ctcaacaatg gtcgtggtgg tccggttgtc caggagacaa tcacgcggcg gcgcctgttg 480 gtggaggtgg tgaaggctgc gcaggtgttg cgtgatctgg gcctgaagaa gggtgatcgg 540 attgctctga atatgccgaa tattatgccg cagatttatt atacggaagc ggcaaaacga 600 ctgggtattc tgtacacgcc ggtcttcggt ggcttctcgg acaagactct ttccgaccgt 660 attcacaatg ccggtgcacg agtggtgatt acctctgatg gtgcgtaccg caacgcgcag 720 gtggtgccct acaaagaagc gtataccgat caggcgctcg ataagtatat tccggttgag 780 acggcgcagg cgattgttgc gcagaccctg gccaccttgc ccctgactga gtcgcagcgc 840 cagacgatca tcaccgaagt ggaggccgca ctggccggtg agattacggt tgagcgctcg 900 gacgtgatgc gtggggttgg ttctgccctc gcaaagctcc gcgatcttga tgcaagcgtg 960 caggcaaagg tgcgtacagt actggcgcag gcgctggtcg agtcgccgcc gcgggttgaa 1020 gctgtggtgg ttgtgcgtca taccggtcag gagattttgt ggaacgaggg gcgagatcgc 1080 tggagtcacg acttgctgga tgctgcgctg gcgaagattc tggccaatgc gcgtgctgcc 1140 ggctttgatg tgcacagtga gaatgatctg ctcaatctcc ccgatgacca gcttatccgt 1200 gcgctctacg ccagtattcc ctgtgaaccg gttgatgctg aatatccgat gtttatcatt 1260 tacacatcgg gtagcaccgg taagcccaag ggtgtgatcc acgttcacgg cggttatgtc 1320 gccggtgtgg tgcacacctt gcgggtcagt tttgacgccg agccgggtga tacgatatat 1380 gtgatcgccg atccgggctg gatcaccggt cagagctata tgctcacagc cacaatggcc 1440 ggtcggctga ccggggtgat tgccgaggga tcaccgctct tcccctcagc cgggcgttat 1500 gccagcatca tcgagcgcta tggggtgcag atctttaagg cgggtgtgac cttcctcaag 1560 acagtgatgt ccaatccgca gaatgttgaa gatgtgcgac tctatgatat gcactcgctg 1620 cgggttgcaa ccttctgcgc cgagccggtc agtccggcgg tgcagcagtt tggtatgcag 1680 atcatgaccc cgcagtatat caattcgtac tgggcgaccg agcacggtgg aattgtctgg 1740 acgcatttct acggtaatca ggacttcccg cttcgtcccg atgcccatac ctatcccttg 1800 ccctgggtga tgggtgatgt ctgggtggcc gaaactgatg agagcgggac gacgcgctat 1860 cgggtcgctg atttcgatga gaagggcgag attgtgatta ccgccccgta tccctacctg 1920 acccgcacac tctggggtga tgtgcccggt ttcgaggcgt acctgcgcgg tgagattccg 1980 ctgcgggcct ggaagggtga tgccgagcgt ttcgtcaaga cctactggcg acgtgggcca 2040 aacggtgaat ggggctatat ccagggtgat tttgccatca agtaccccga tggtagcttc 2100 acgctccacg gacgccctga cgatgtgatc aatgtgtcgg gccaccgtat gggcaccgag 2160 gagattgagg gtgccatttt gcgtgaccgc cagatcacgc ccgactcgcc cgtcggtaat 2220 tgtattgtgg tcggtgcgcc gcaccgtgag aagggtctga ccccggttgc cttcattcaa 2280 cctgcgcctg gccgtcatct gaccggcgcc gaccggcgcc gtctcgatga gctggtgcgt 2340 accgagaagg gggcggtcag tgtcccagag gattacatcg aggtcagtgc ctttcccgaa 2400 acccgcagcg ggaagtatat gcggcgcttt ttgcgcaata tgatgctcga tgaaccactg 2460 ggtgatacga cgacgttgcg caatcctgaa gtgctcgaag agattgcagc caagatcgct 2520 gagtggaaac gccgtcagcg tatggccgaa gagcagcaga tcatcgaacg ctatcgctac 2580 ttccggatcg agtatcaccc accaacggcc agtgcgggta aactcgcggt agtgacggtg 2640 acaaatccgc cggtgaacgc actgaatgag cgtgcgctcg atgagttgaa cacaattgtt 2700 gaccacctgg cccgtcgtca ggatgttgcc gcaattgtct tcaccggaca gggcgccagg 2760 agttttgtcg ccggcgctga tattcgccag ttgctcgaag agattcatac ggttgaagag 2820 gcaatggccc tgccgaataa cgcccatctt gctttccgca agattgagcg tatgaataag 2880 ccgtgtatcg cggcgatcaa cggtgtggcg ctcggtggtg gtctggaatt cgccatggcc 2940 tgccattacc gggttgccga tgtctatgcc gaattcggtc agccagagat taatctgcgc 3000 ttgctacctg gttatggtgg cacgcagcgc ttgccgcgcc tgttgtacaa gcgcaacaac 3060 ggcaccggtc tgctccgagc gctggagatg attctgggtg ggcgtagcgt accggctgat 3120 gaggcgctga agctgggtct gatcgatgcc attgctaccg gcgatcagga ctcactgtcg 3180 ctggcatgcg cgttagcccg tgccgcaatc ggcgccgatg gtcagttgat cgagtcggct 3240 gcggtgaccc aggctttccg ccatcgccac gagcagcttg acgagtggcg caaaccagac 3300 ccgcgctttg ccgatgacga actgcgctcg attatcgccc atccacgtat cgagcggatt 3360 atccggcagg cccataccgt tgggcgcgat gcggcagtgc atcgggcact ggatgcaatc 3420 cgctatggca ttatccacgg cttcgaggcc ggtctggagc acgaggcgaa gctctttgcc 3480 gaggcagtgg ttgacccgaa cggtggcaag cgtggtattc gcgagttcct cgaccgccag 3540 agtgcgccgt tgccaacccg ccgaccattg attacacctg aacaggagca actcttgcgc 3600 gatcagaaag aactgttgcc ggttggttca cccttcttcc ccggtgttga ccggattccg 3660 aagtggcagt acgcgcaggc ggttattcgt gatccggaca ccggtgcggc ggctcacggc 3720 gatcccatcg tggctgaaaa gcagattatt gtgccggtgg aacgcccccg cgccaatcag 3780 gcgctgatct atgttctggc ctcggaggtg aacttcaacg atatctgggc gattaccggt 3840 attccggtgt cacggtttga tgagcacgac cgcgactggc acgttaccgg ttcaggtggc 3900 atcggcctga tcgttgcgct gggtgaagag gcgcgacgcg aaggccggct gaaggtgggt 3960 gatctggtgg cgatctactc cgggcagtcg gatctgctct caccgctgat gggccttgat 4020 ccgatggccg ccgatttcgt catccagggg aacgacacgc cagatggatc gcatcagcaa 4080 tttatgctgg cccaggcccc gcagtgtctg cccatcccaa ccgatatgtc tatcgaggca 4140 gccggcagct acatcctcaa tctcggtacg atctatcgcg ccctctttac gacgttgcaa 4200 atcaaggccg gacgcaccat ctttatcgag ggtgcggcga ccggtaccgg tctggacgca 4260 gcgcgctcgg cggcccggaa tggtctgcgc gtaattggaa tggtcagttc gtcgtcacgt 4320 gcgtctacgc tgctggctgc gggtgcccac ggtgcgatta accgtaaaga cccggaggtt 4380 gccgattgtt tcacgcgcgt gcccgaagat ccatcagcct gggcagcctg ggaagccgcc 4440 ggtcagccgt tgctggcgat gttccgggcg cagaacgacg ggcgactggc cgattatgtg 4500 gtctcgcacg cgggcgagac ggccttcccg cgcagtttcc agcttctcgg cgagccacgc 4560 gatggtcaca ttccgacgct cacattctac ggtgccacca gtggctacca cttcaccttc 4620 ctgggtaagc cagggtcagc ttcgccgacc gagatgctgc ggcgggccaa tctccgcgcc 4680 ggtgaggcgg tgttgatcta ctacggggtt gggagcgatg acctggtaga taccggcggt 4740 ctggaggcta tcgaggcggc gcggcaaatg ggagcgcgga tcgtcgtcgt taccgtcagc 4800 gatgcgcaac gcgagtttgt cctctcgttg ggcttcgggg ctgccctacg tggtgtcgtc 4860 agcctggcgg aactcaaacg gcgcttcggc gatgagtttg agtggccgcg cacgatgccg 4920 ccgttgccga acgcccgcca ggacccgcag ggtctgaaag aggctgtccg ccgcttcaac 4980 gatctggtct tcaagccgct aggaagcgcg gtcggtgtct tcttgcggag tgccgacaat 5040 ccgcgtggct accccgatct gatcatcgag cgggctgccc acgatgcact ggcggtgagc 5100 gcgatgctga tcaagccctt caccggacgg attgtctact tcgaggacat tggtgggcgg 5160 cgttactcct tcttcgcacc gcaaatctgg gtgcgccagc gccgcatcta catgccgacg 5220 gcacagatct ttggtacgca cctctcaaat gcgtatgaaa ttctgcgtct gaatgatgag 5280 atcagcgccg gtctgctgac gattaccgag ccggcagtgg tgccgtggga tgaactaccc 5340 gaagcacatc aggcgatgtg ggaaaatcgc cacacggcgg ccacttatgt ggtgaatcat 5400 gccttaccac gtctcggcct aaagaacagg gacgagctgt acgaggcgtg gacggccggc 5460 gagcggtag 5469 130 701 PRT Homo sapiens 130 Met Gly Leu Pro Glu Glu Arg Val Arg Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Arg Gly 1 5 10 15 Gln Glu Glu Ala Gly Ala Gly Gly Arg Ala Arg Ser Trp Ser Pro Pro 20 25 30 Pro Glu Val Ser Arg Ser Ala His Val Pro Ser Leu Gln Arg Tyr Arg 35 40 45 Glu Leu His Arg Arg Ser Val Glu Glu Pro Arg Glu Phe Trp Gly Asp 50 55 60 Ile Ala Lys Glu Phe Tyr Trp Lys Thr Pro Cys Pro Gly Pro Phe Leu 65 70 75 80 Arg Tyr Asn Phe Asp Val Thr Lys Gly Lys Ile Phe Ile Glu Trp Met 85 90 95 Lys Gly Ala Thr Thr Asn Ile Cys Tyr Asn Val Leu Asp Arg Asn Val 100 105 110 His Glu Lys Lys Leu Gly Asp Lys Val Ala Phe Tyr Trp Glu Gly Asn 115 120 125 Glu Pro Gly Glu Thr Thr Gln Ile Thr Tyr His Gln Leu Leu Val Gln 130 135 140 Val Cys Gln Phe Ser Asn Val Leu Arg Lys Gln Gly Ile Gln Lys Gly 145 150 155 160 Asp Arg Val Ala Ile Tyr Met Pro Met Ile Pro Glu Leu Val Val Ala 165 170 175 Met Leu Ala Cys Ala Arg Ile Gly Ala Leu His Ser Ile Val Phe Ala 180 185 190 Gly Phe Ser Ser Glu Ser Leu Cys Glu Arg Ile Leu Asp Ser Ser Cys 195 200 205 Ser Leu Leu Ile Thr Thr Asp Ala Phe Tyr Arg Gly Glu Lys Leu Val 210 215 220 Asn Leu Lys Glu Leu Ala Asp Glu Ala Leu Gln Lys Cys Gln Glu Lys 225 230 235 240 Gly Phe Pro Val Arg Cys Cys Ile Val Val Lys His Leu Gly Arg Ala 245 250 255 Glu Leu Gly Met Gly Asp Ser Thr Ser Gln Ser Pro Pro Ile Lys Arg 260 265 270 Ser Cys Pro Asp Val Gln Ile Ser Trp Asn Gln Gly Ile Asp Leu Trp 275 280 285 Trp His Glu Leu Met Gln Glu Ala Gly Asp Glu Cys Glu Pro Glu Trp 290 295 300 Cys Asp Ala Glu Asp Pro Leu Phe Ile Leu Tyr Thr Ser Gly Ser Thr 305 310 315 320 Gly Lys Pro Lys Gly Val Val His Thr Val Gly Gly Tyr Met Leu Tyr 325 330 335 Val Ala Thr Thr Phe Lys Tyr Val Phe Asp Phe His Ala Glu Asp Val 340 345 350 Phe Trp Cys Thr Ala Asp Ile Gly Trp Ile Thr Gly His Ser Tyr Val 355 360 365 Thr Tyr Gly Pro Leu Ala Asn Gly Ala Thr Ser Val Leu Phe Glu Gly 370 375 380 Ile Pro Thr Tyr Pro Asp Val Asn Arg Leu Trp Ser Ile Val Asp Lys 385 390 395 400 Tyr Lys Val Thr Lys Phe Tyr Thr Ala Pro Thr Ala Ile Arg Leu Leu 405 410 415 Met Lys Phe Gly Asp Glu Pro Val Thr Lys His Ser Arg Ala Ser Leu 420 425 430 Gln Val Leu Gly Thr Val Gly Glu Pro Ile Asn Pro Glu Ala Trp Leu 435 440 445 Trp Tyr His Arg Val Val Gly Ala Gln Arg Cys Pro Ile Val Asp Thr 450 455 460 Phe Trp Gln Thr Glu Thr Gly Gly His Met Leu Thr Pro Leu Pro Gly 465 470 475 480 Ala Thr Pro Met Lys Pro Gly Ser Ala Thr Phe Pro Phe Phe Gly Val 485 490 495 Ala Pro Ala Ile Leu Asn Glu Ser Gly Glu Glu Leu Glu Gly Glu Ala 500 505 510 Glu Gly Tyr Leu Val Phe Lys Gln Pro Trp Pro Gly Ile Met Arg Thr 515 520 525 Val Tyr Gly Asn His Glu Arg Phe Glu Thr Thr Tyr Phe Lys Lys Phe 530 535 540 Pro Gly Tyr Tyr Val Thr Gly Asp Gly Cys Gln Arg Asp Gln Asp Gly 545 550 555 560 Tyr Tyr Trp Ile Thr Gly Arg Ile Asp Asp Met Leu Asn Val Ser Gly 565 570 575 His Leu Leu Ser Thr Ala Glu Val Glu Ser Ala Leu Val Glu His Glu 580 585 590 Ala Val Ala Glu Ala Ala Val Val Gly His Pro His Pro Val Lys Gly 595 600 605 Glu Cys Leu Tyr Cys Phe Val Thr Leu Cys Asp Gly His Thr Phe Ser 610 615 620 Pro Lys Leu Thr Glu Glu Leu Lys Lys Gln Ile Arg Glu Lys Ile Gly 625 630 635 640 Pro Ile Ala Thr Pro Asp Tyr Ile Gln Asn Ala Pro Gly Leu Pro Lys 645 650 655 Thr Arg Ser Gly Lys Ile Met Arg Arg Val Leu Arg Lys Ile Ala Gln 660 665 670 Asn Asp His Asp Leu Gly Asp Met Ser Thr Val Ala Asp Pro Ser Val 675 680 685 Ile Ser His Leu Phe Ser His Arg Cys Leu Thr Ile Gln 690 695 700 131 670 PRT Pyrobaculum aerophilum 131 Met Ser Leu Glu Leu Lys Glu Lys Glu Ser Glu Leu Pro Phe Asp Glu 1 5 10 15 Gln Ile Ile Asn Asp Lys Trp Arg Ser Lys Tyr Thr Pro Ile Asp Ala 20 25 30 Tyr Phe Lys Phe His Arg Gln Thr Val Glu Asn Leu Glu Ser Phe Trp 35 40 45 Glu Ser Val Ala Lys Glu Leu Glu Trp Phe Lys Pro Trp Asp Lys Val 50 55 60 Leu Asp Ala Ser Asn Pro Pro Phe Tyr Lys Trp Phe Val Gly Gly Arg 65 70 75 80 Leu Asn Leu Ser Tyr Leu Ala Val Asp Arg His Val Lys Thr Trp Arg 85 90 95 Lys Asn Lys Leu Ala Ile Glu Trp Glu Gly Glu Pro Val Asp Glu Asn 100 105 110 Gly Tyr Pro Thr Asp Arg Arg Lys Leu Thr Tyr Tyr Asp Leu Tyr Arg 115 120 125 Glu Val Asn Arg Val Ala Tyr Met Leu Lys Gln Asn Phe Gly Val Lys 130 135 140 Lys Gly Asp Lys Ile Thr Leu Tyr Leu Pro Met Val Pro Glu Leu Pro 145 150 155 160 Ile Thr Met Leu Ala Ala Trp Arg Ile Gly Ala Ile Thr Ser Val Val 165 170 175 Phe Ser Gly Phe Ser Ala Asp Ala Leu Ala Glu Arg Ile Asn Asp Ser 180 185 190 Gln Ser Arg Ile Val Ile Thr Ala Asp Gly Phe Trp Arg Arg Gly Arg 195 200 205 Val Val Arg Leu Lys Glu Val Val Asp Ala Ala Leu Glu Lys Ala Thr 210 215 220 Gly Val Glu Ser Val Ile Val Leu Pro Arg Leu Gly Leu Lys Asp Val 225 230 235 240 Pro Met Thr Glu Gly Arg Asp Tyr Trp Trp Asn Lys Leu Met Gln Gly 245 250 255 Ile Pro Pro Asn Ala Tyr Ile Glu Pro Glu Pro Val Glu Ser Glu His 260 265 270 Pro Ser Phe Ile Leu Tyr Thr Ser Gly Thr Thr Gly Lys Pro Lys Gly 275 280 285 Ile Val His Asp Thr Gly Gly Trp Ala Val His Val Tyr Ala Thr Met 290 295 300 Lys Trp Val Phe Asp Ile Arg Asp Asp Asp Ile Phe Trp Cys Thr Ala 305 310 315 320 Asp Ile Gly Trp Val Thr Gly His Ser Tyr Val Val Leu Gly Pro Leu 325 330 335 Leu Met Gly Ala Thr Glu Val Ile Tyr Glu Gly Ala Pro Asp Tyr Pro 340 345 350 Gln Pro Asp Arg Trp Trp Ser Ile Ile Glu Arg Tyr Gly Val Thr Ile 355 360 365 Phe Tyr Thr Ser Pro Thr Ala Ile Arg Met Phe Met Arg Tyr Gly Glu 370 375 380 Glu Trp Pro Arg Lys His Asp Leu Ser Thr Leu Arg Ile Ile His Ser 385 390 395 400 Val Gly Glu Pro Ile Asn Pro Glu Ala Trp Arg Trp Ala Tyr Arg Val 405 410 415 Leu Gly Asn Glu Lys Val Ala Phe Gly Ser Thr Trp Trp Met Thr Glu 420 425 430 Thr Gly Gly Ile Val Ile Ser His Ala Pro Gly Leu Tyr Leu Val Pro 435 440 445 Met Lys Pro Gly Thr Asn Gly Pro Pro Leu Pro Gly Phe Glu Val Asp 450 455 460 Val Val Asp Glu Asn Gly Asn Pro Ala Pro Pro Gly Val Lys Gly Tyr 465 470 475 480 Leu Val Ile Lys Lys Pro Trp Pro Gly Met Leu His Gly Ile Trp Gly 485 490 495 Asp Pro Glu Arg Tyr Ile Lys Thr Tyr Trp Ser Arg Phe Pro Gly Met 500 505 510 Phe Tyr Ala Gly Asp Tyr Ala Ile Lys Asp Lys Asp Gly Tyr Ile Trp 515 520 525 Val Leu Gly Arg Ala Asp Glu Val Ile Lys Val Ala Gly His Arg Leu 530 535 540 Gly Thr Tyr Glu Leu Glu Ser Ala Leu Ile Ser His Pro Ala Val Ala 545 550 555 560 Glu Ser Ala Val Val Gly Val Pro Asp Ala Ile Lys Gly Glu Val Pro 565 570 575 Ile Ala Phe Val Val Leu Lys Gln Gly Val Ala Pro Ser Asp Glu Leu 580 585 590 Arg Lys Glu Leu Arg Glu His Val Arg Arg Thr Ile Gly Pro Ile Ala 595 600 605 Glu Pro Ala Gln Ile Phe Phe Val Thr Lys Leu Pro Lys Thr Arg Ser 610 615 620 Gly Lys Ile Met Arg Arg Leu Leu Lys Ala Val Ala Thr Gly Ala Pro 625 630 635 640 Leu Gly Asp Val Thr Thr Leu Glu Asp Glu Thr Ser Val Glu Glu Ala 645 650 655 Lys Arg Ala Tyr Glu Glu Ile Lys Ala Glu Met Ala Arg Thr 660 665 670 132 261 PRT Clostridium acetobutylicum 132 Met Glu Leu Asn Asn Val Ile Leu Glu Lys Glu Gly Lys Val Ala Val 1 5 10 15 Val Thr Ile Asn Arg Pro Lys Ala Leu Asn Ala Leu Asn Ser Asp Thr 20 25 30 Leu Lys Glu Met Asp Tyr Val Ile Gly Glu Ile Glu Asn Asp Ser Glu 35 40 45 Val Leu Ala Val Ile Leu Thr Gly Ala Gly Glu Lys Ser Phe Val Ala 50 55 60 Gly Ala Asp Ile Ser Glu Met Lys Glu Met Asn Thr Ile Glu Gly Arg 65 70 75 80 Lys Phe Gly Ile Leu Gly Asn Lys Val Phe Arg Arg Leu Glu Leu Leu 85 90 95 Glu Lys Pro Val Ile Ala Ala Val Asn Gly Phe Ala Leu Gly Gly Gly 100 105 110 Cys Glu Ile Ala Met Ser Cys Asp Ile Arg Ile Ala Ser Ser Asn Ala 115 120 125 Arg Phe Gly Gln Pro Glu Val Gly Leu Gly Ile Thr Pro Gly Phe Gly 130 135 140 Gly Thr Gln Arg Leu Ser Arg Leu Val Gly Met Gly Met Ala Lys Gln 145 150 155 160 Leu Ile Phe Thr Ala Gln Asn Ile Lys Ala Asp Glu Ala Leu Arg Ile 165 170 175 Gly Leu Val Asn Lys Val Val Glu Pro Ser Glu Leu Met Asn Thr Ala 180 185 190 Lys Glu Ile Ala Asn Lys Ile Val Ser Asn Ala Pro Val Ala Val Lys 195 200 205 Leu Ser Lys Gln Ala Ile Asn Arg Gly Met Gln Cys Asp Ile Asp Thr 210 215 220 Ala Leu Ala Phe Glu Ser Glu Ala Phe Gly Glu Cys Phe Ser Thr Glu 225 230 235 240 Asp Gln Lys Asp Ala Met Thr Ala Phe Ile Glu Lys Arg Lys Ile Glu 245 250 255 Gly Phe Lys Asn Arg 260 133 259 PRT Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum 133 Met Asp Phe Asn Asn Val Leu Leu Asn Lys Asp Asp Gly Ile Ala Leu 1 5 10 15 Ile Ile Ile Asn Arg Pro Lys Ala Leu Asn Ala Leu Asn Tyr Glu Thr 20 25 30 Leu Lys Glu Leu Asp Ser Val Leu Asp Ile Val Glu Asn Asp Lys Glu 35 40 45 Ile Lys Val Leu Ile Ile Thr Gly Ser Gly Glu Lys Thr Phe Val Ala 50 55 60 Gly Ala Asp Ile Ala Glu Met Ser Asn Met Thr Pro Leu Glu Ala Lys 65 70 75 80 Lys Phe Ser Leu Tyr Gly Gln Lys Val Phe Arg Lys Ile Glu Met Leu 85 90 95 Ser Lys Pro Val Ile Ala Ala Val Asn Gly Phe Ala Leu Gly Gly Gly 100 105 110 Cys Glu Leu Ser Met Ala Cys Asp Ile Arg Ile Ala Ser Lys Asn Ala 115 120 125 Lys Phe Gly Gln Pro Glu Val Gly Leu Gly Ile Ile Pro Gly Phe Ser 130 135 140 Gly Thr Gln Arg Leu Pro Arg Leu Ile Gly Thr Ser Lys Ala Lys Glu 145 150 155 160 Leu Ile Phe Thr Gly Asp Met Ile Asn Ser Asp Glu Ala Tyr Lys Ile 165 170 175 Gly Leu Ile Ser Lys Val Val Glu Leu Ser Asp Leu Ile Glu Glu Ala 180 185 190 Lys Lys Leu Ala Lys Lys Met Met Ser Lys Ser Gln Ile Ala Ile Ser 195 200 205 Leu Ala Lys Glu Ala Ile Asn Lys Gly Met Glu Thr Asp Leu Asp Thr 210 215 220 Gly Asn Thr Ile Glu Ala Glu Lys Phe Ser Leu Cys Phe Thr Thr Asp 225 230 235 240 Asp Gln Lys Glu Gly Met Ile Ala Phe Ser Glu Lys Arg Ala Pro Lys 245 250 255 Phe Gly Lys 134 432 PRT Methylobacterium extorquens 134 Met Ala Ala Ser Ala Ala Pro Ala Trp Thr Gly Gln Thr Ala Glu Ala 1 5 10 15 Lys Asp Leu Tyr Glu Leu Gly Glu Ile Pro Pro Leu Gly His Val Pro 20 25 30 Ala Lys Met Tyr Ala Trp Ala Ile Arg Arg Glu Arg His Gly Pro Pro 35 40 45 Glu Gln Ser His Gln Leu Glu Val Leu Pro Val Trp Glu Ile Gly Asp 50 55 60 Asp Glu Val Leu Val Tyr Val Met Ala Ala Gly Val Asn Tyr Asn Gly 65 70 75 80 Val Trp Ala Gly Leu Gly Glu Pro Ile Ser Pro Phe Asp Val His Lys 85 90 95 Gly Glu Tyr His Ile Ala Gly Ser Asp Ala Ser Gly Ile Val Trp Lys 100 105 110 Val Gly Ala Lys Val Lys Arg Trp Lys Val Gly Asp Glu Val Ile Val 115 120 125 His Cys Asn Gln Asp Asp Gly Asp Asp Glu Glu Cys Asn Gly Gly Asp 130 135 140 Pro Met Phe Ser Pro Thr Gln Arg Ile Trp Gly Tyr Glu Thr Gly Asp 145 150 155 160 Gly Ser Phe Ala Gln Phe Cys Arg Val Gln Ser Arg Gln Leu Met Ala 165 170 175 Arg Pro Lys His Leu Thr Trp Glu Glu Ala Ala Cys Tyr Thr Leu Thr 180 185 190 Leu Ala Thr Ala Tyr Arg Met Leu Phe Gly His Ala Pro His Thr Val 195 200 205 Arg Pro Gly Gln Asn Val Leu Ile Trp Gly Ala Ser Gly Gly Leu Gly 210 215 220 Val Phe Gly Val Gln Leu Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Ala Asn Ala Ile Ala 225 230 235 240 Val Ile Ser Asp Glu Ser Lys Arg Asp Tyr Val Met Ser Leu Gly Ala 245 250 255 Lys Gly Val Ile Asn Arg Lys Asp Phe Asp Cys Trp Gly Gln Leu Pro 260 265 270 Thr Val Asn Ser Pro Glu Tyr Asn Thr Trp Leu Lys Glu Ala Arg Lys 275 280 285 Phe Gly Lys Ala Ile Trp Asp Ile Thr Gly Lys Gly Asn Asp Val Asp 290 295 300 Ile Val Phe Glu His Pro Gly Glu Ala Thr Phe Pro Val Ser Thr Leu 305 310 315 320 Val Ala Lys Arg Gly Gly Met Ile Val Phe Cys Ala Gly Thr Thr Gly 325 330 335 Phe Asn Ile Thr Phe Asp Ala Arg Tyr Val Trp Met Arg Gln Lys Arg 340 345 350 Ile Gln Gly Ser His Phe Ala His Leu Lys Gln Ala Ser Ala Ala Asn 355 360 365 Gln Phe Val Met Asp Arg Arg Val Asp Pro Cys Met Ser Glu Val Phe 370 375 380 Pro Trp Asp Lys Ile Pro Ala Ala His Thr Lys Met Trp Lys Asn Gln 385 390 395 400 His Pro Pro Gly Asn Met Ala Val Leu Val Asn Ser Thr Arg Ala Gly 405 410 415 Leu Arg Thr Val Glu Asp Val Ile Glu Ala Gly Pro Leu Lys Ala Met 420 425 430 135 424 PRT Caulobacter crescentus 135 Met Thr Ile Gln Thr Leu Glu Thr Thr Ala Leu Lys Asp Leu Tyr Glu 1 5 10 15 Ile Gly Glu Ile Pro Pro Ala Phe His Val Pro Lys Thr Met Tyr Ala 20 25 30 Trp Ser Ile Arg Lys Glu Arg His Gly Lys Pro Thr Gln Ala Met Gln 35 40 45 Val Glu Val Val Pro Thr Trp Glu Ile Gly Glu Asp Glu Val Leu Val 50 55 60 Leu Val Met Ala Ala Gly Val Asn Tyr Asn Gly Val Trp Ala Ala Leu 65 70 75 80 Gly Glu Pro Ile Ser Pro Leu Asp Gly His Lys Gln Pro Phe His Ile 85 90 95 Ala Gly Ser Asp Ala Ser Gly Ile Val Trp Lys Val Gly Ala Lys Val 100 105 110 Lys Arg Trp Lys Leu Gly Asp Glu Val Val Ile His Cys Asn Gln Asp 115 120 125 Asp Gly Asp Asp Glu Glu Cys Asn Gly Gly Asp Pro Met Phe Ser Ser 130 135 140 Ser Gln Arg Ile Trp Gly Tyr Glu Thr Pro Asp Gly Ser Phe Ala Gln 145 150 155 160 Phe Cys Arg Val Gln Ser Arg Gln Leu Leu Pro Arg Pro Lys His Leu 165 170 175 Thr Trp Glu Glu Ser Ala Cys Tyr Thr Leu Thr Leu Ala Thr Ala Tyr 180 185 190 Arg Met Leu Phe Gly His Lys Pro His Glu Leu Lys Pro Gly Gln Asn 195 200 205 Val Leu Val Trp Gly Ala Ser Gly Gly Leu Gly Val Phe Ala Thr Gln 210 215 220 Leu Ala Ala Val Ala Gly Ala Asn Ala Ile Gly Val Val Ser Ser Glu 225 230 235 240 Asp Lys Arg Glu Phe Val Leu Ser Met Gly Ala Lys Ala Val Leu Asn 245 250 255 Arg Gly Glu Phe Asn Cys Trp Gly Gln Leu Pro Lys Val Asn Gly Pro 260 265 270 Glu Phe Asn Asp Tyr Met Lys Glu Ser Arg Lys Phe Gly Lys Ala Ile 275 280 285 Trp Gln Ile Thr Gly Asn Lys Asp Val Asp Met Val Phe Glu His Pro 290 295 300 Gly Glu Gln Thr Phe Pro Val Ser Val Phe Leu Val Lys Arg Gly Gly 305 310 315 320 Met Val Val Ile Cys Ala Gly Thr Thr Gly Phe Asn Leu Thr Met Asp 325 330 335 Ala Arg Phe Leu Trp Met Arg Gln Lys Arg Val Gln Gly Ser His Phe 340 345 350 Ala Asn Leu Met Gln Ala Ser Ala Ala Asn Gln Leu Val Ile Asp Arg 355 360 365 Arg Val Asp Pro Cys Leu Ser Glu Val Phe Pro Trp Asp Gln Ile Pro 370 375 380 Ala Ala His Glu Lys Met Leu Ala Asn Gln His Leu Pro Gly Asn Met 385 390 395 400 Ala Val Leu Val Cys Ala Gln Arg Pro Gly Leu Arg Thr Phe Glu Glu 405 410 415 Val Gln Glu Leu Ser Gly Ala Pro 420 136 26 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 136 gggaattcca tatgatcgac actgcg 26 137 30 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 137 cgaaggatcc aacgataatc ggctcagcac 30 138 44 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 138 ataggcggcc gcaggaatgc tgtatgagcg aagaaagctt attc 44 139 43 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 139 atgctcgcat ctcgagtagc taaattaaat tacatcaata gta 43 140 3678 DNA Chloroflexus aurantiacus CDS (1)..(3675) 140 atg gcg acg ggg gag tcc atg agc gga aca gga cga ctg gca gga aag 48 Met Ala Thr Gly Glu Ser Met Ser Gly Thr Gly Arg Leu Ala Gly Lys 1 5 10 15 att gcg tta att acc ggt ggc gcc ggc aat atc ggc agt gaa ttg aca 96 Ile Ala Leu Ile Thr Gly Gly Ala Gly Asn Ile Gly Ser Glu Leu Thr 20 25 30 cgt cgc ttt ctc gca gag gga gcg acg gtc att att agt gga cgg aat 144 Arg Arg Phe Leu Ala Glu Gly Ala Thr Val Ile Ile Ser Gly Arg Asn 35 40 45 cgg gcg aag ttg acc gca ctg gcc gaa cgg atg cag gca gag gca gga 192 Arg Ala Lys Leu Thr Ala Leu Ala Glu Arg Met Gln Ala Glu Ala Gly 50 55 60 gtg ccg gca aag cgc atc gat ctc gaa gtc atg gat ggg agt gat ccg 240 Val Pro Ala Lys Arg Ile Asp Leu Glu Val Met Asp Gly Ser Asp Pro 65 70 75 80 gtc gcg gta cgt gcc ggt atc gaa gcg att gtg gcc cgt cac ggc cag 288 Val Ala Val Arg Ala Gly Ile Glu Ala Ile Val Ala Arg His Gly Gln 85 90 95 atc gac att ctg gtc aac aat gca gga agt gcc ggt gcc cag cgt cgt 336 Ile Asp Ile Leu Val Asn Asn Ala Gly Ser Ala Gly Ala Gln Arg Arg 100 105 110 ctg gcc gag att cca ctc act gaa gct gaa tta ggc cct ggc gcc gaa 384 Leu Ala Glu Ile Pro Leu Thr Glu Ala Glu Leu Gly Pro Gly Ala Glu 115 120 125 gag acg ctt cat gcc agc atc gcc aat tta ctt ggt atg gga tgg cat 432 Glu Thr Leu His Ala Ser Ile Ala Asn Leu Leu Gly Met Gly Trp His 130 135 140 ctg atg cgt att gcg gca cct cat atg ccg gta gga agt gcg gtc atc 480 Leu Met Arg Ile Ala Ala Pro His Met Pro Val Gly Ser Ala Val Ile 145 150 155 160 aat gtc tcg acc atc ttt tca cgg gct gag tac tac ggg cgg att ccg 528 Asn Val Ser Thr Ile Phe Ser Arg Ala Glu Tyr Tyr Gly Arg Ile Pro 165 170 175 tat gtc acc cct aaa gct gct ctt aat gct cta tct caa ctt gct gcg 576 Tyr Val Thr Pro Lys Ala Ala Leu Asn Ala Leu Ser Gln Leu Ala Ala 180 185 190 cgt gag tta ggt gca cgt ggc atc cgc gtt aat acg atc ttt ccc ggc 624 Arg Glu Leu Gly Ala Arg Gly Ile Arg Val Asn Thr Ile Phe Pro Gly 195 200 205 ccg att gaa agt gat cgc atc cgt aca gtg ttc cag cgt atg gat cag 672 Pro Ile Glu Ser Asp Arg Ile Arg Thr Val Phe Gln Arg Met Asp Gln 210 215 220 ctc aag ggg cgg ccc gaa ggc gac aca gcg cac cat ttt ttg aac acc 720 Leu Lys Gly Arg Pro Glu Gly Asp Thr Ala His His Phe Leu Asn Thr 225 230 235 240 atg cga ttg tgt cgt gcc aac gac cag ggc gcg ctt gaa cgt cgg ttc 768 Met Arg Leu Cys Arg Ala Asn Asp Gln Gly Ala Leu Glu Arg Arg Phe 245 250 255 ccc tcc gtc ggt gat gtg gca gac gcc gct gtc ttt ctg gcc agt gcc 816 Pro Ser Val Gly Asp Val Ala Asp Ala Ala Val Phe Leu Ala Ser Ala 260 265 270 gaa tcc gcc gct ctc tcc ggt gag acg att gag gtt acg cac gga atg 864 Glu Ser Ala Ala Leu Ser Gly Glu Thr Ile Glu Val Thr His Gly Met 275 280 285 gag ttg ccg gcc tgc agt gag acc agc ctg ctg gcc cgt act gat ctg 912 Glu Leu Pro Ala Cys Ser Glu Thr Ser Leu Leu Ala Arg Thr Asp Leu 290 295 300 cgc acg att gat gcc agt ggc cgc acg acg ctc atc tgc gcc ggc gac 960 Arg Thr Ile Asp Ala Ser Gly Arg Thr Thr Leu Ile Cys Ala Gly Asp 305 310 315 320 cag att gaa gag gtg atg gcg ctc acc ggt atg ttg cgt acc tgt ggg 1008 Gln Ile Glu Glu Val Met Ala Leu Thr Gly Met Leu Arg Thr Cys Gly 325 330 335 agt gaa gtg atc atc ggc ttc cgt tcg gct gcg gcg ctg gcc cag ttc 1056 Ser Glu Val Ile Ile Gly Phe Arg Ser Ala Ala Ala Leu Ala Gln Phe 340 345 350 gag cag gca gtc aat gag agt cgg cgg ctg gcc ggc gca gac ttt acg 1104 Glu Gln Ala Val Asn Glu Ser Arg Arg Leu Ala Gly Ala Asp Phe Thr 355 360 365 cct ccc att gcc ttg cca ctc gat cca cgc gat ccg gca aca att gac 1152 Pro Pro Ile Ala Leu Pro Leu Asp Pro Arg Asp Pro Ala Thr Ile Asp 370 375 380 gct gtc ttc gat tgg gcc ggc gag aat acc ggc ggg att cat gca gcg 1200 Ala Val Phe Asp Trp Ala Gly Glu Asn Thr Gly Gly Ile His Ala Ala 385 390 395 400 gtg att ctg cct gct acc agt cac gaa ccg gca ccg tgc gtg att gag 1248 Val Ile Leu Pro Ala Thr Ser His Glu Pro Ala Pro Cys Val Ile Glu 405 410 415 gtt gat gat gag cgg gtg ctg aat ttt ctg gcc gat gaa atc acc ggg 1296 Val Asp Asp Glu Arg Val Leu Asn Phe Leu Ala Asp Glu Ile Thr Gly 420 425 430 aca att gtg att gcc agt cgc ctg gcc cgt tac tgg cag tcg caa cgg 1344 Thr Ile Val Ile Ala Ser Arg Leu Ala Arg Tyr Trp Gln Ser Gln Arg 435 440 445 ctt acc ccc ggc gca cgt gcg cgt ggg ccg cgt gtc att ttt ctc tcg 1392 Leu Thr Pro Gly Ala Arg Ala Arg Gly Pro Arg Val Ile Phe Leu Ser 450 455 460 aac ggt gcc gat caa aat ggg aat gtt tac gga cgc att caa agt gcc 1440 Asn Gly Ala Asp Gln Asn Gly Asn Val Tyr Gly Arg Ile Gln Ser Ala 465 470 475 480 gct atc ggt cag ctc att cgt gtg tgg cgt cac gag gct gaa ctt gac 1488 Ala Ile Gly Gln Leu Ile Arg Val Trp Arg His Glu Ala Glu Leu Asp 485 490 495 tat cag cgt gcc agc gcc gcc ggt gat cat gtg ctg ccg ccg gta tgg 1536 Tyr Gln Arg Ala Ser Ala Ala Gly Asp His Val Leu Pro Pro Val Trp 500 505 510 gcc aat cag att gtg cgc ttc gct aac cgc agc ctt gaa ggg tta gaa 1584 Ala Asn Gln Ile Val Arg Phe Ala Asn Arg Ser Leu Glu Gly Leu Glu 515 520 525 ttt gcc tgt gcc tgg aca gct caa ttg ctc cat agt caa cgc cat atc 1632 Phe Ala Cys Ala Trp Thr Ala Gln Leu Leu His Ser Gln Arg His Ile 530 535 540 aat gag att acc ctc aac atc cct gcc aac att agc gcc acc acc ggc 1680 Asn Glu Ile Thr Leu Asn Ile Pro Ala Asn Ile Ser Ala Thr Thr Gly 545 550 555 560 gca cgc agt gca tcg gtc gga tgg gcg gaa agc ctg atc ggg ttg cat 1728 Ala Arg Ser Ala Ser Val Gly Trp Ala Glu Ser Leu Ile Gly Leu His 565 570 575 ttg ggg aaa gtt gcc ttg att acc ggt ggc agc gcc ggt att ggt ggg 1776 Leu Gly Lys Val Ala Leu Ile Thr Gly Gly Ser Ala Gly Ile Gly Gly 580 585 590 cag atc ggg cgc ctc ctg gct ttg agt ggc gcg cgc gtg atg ctg gca 1824 Gln Ile Gly Arg Leu Leu Ala Leu Ser Gly Ala Arg Val Met Leu Ala 595 600 605 gcc cgt gat cgg cat aag ctc gaa cag atg cag gcg atg atc caa tct 1872 Ala Arg Asp Arg His Lys Leu Glu Gln Met Gln Ala Met Ile Gln Ser 610 615 620 gag ctg gct gag gtg ggg tat acc gat gtc gaa gat cgc gtc cac att 1920 Glu Leu Ala Glu Val Gly Tyr Thr Asp Val Glu Asp Arg Val His Ile 625 630 635 640 gca ccg ggc tgc gat gtg agt agc gaa gcg cag ctt gcg gat ctt gtt 1968 Ala Pro Gly Cys Asp Val Ser Ser Glu Ala Gln Leu Ala Asp Leu Val 645 650 655 gaa cgt acc ctg tca gct ttt ggc acc gtc gat tat ctg atc aac aac 2016 Glu Arg Thr Leu Ser Ala Phe Gly Thr Val Asp Tyr Leu Ile Asn Asn 660 665 670 gcc ggg atc gcc ggt gtc gaa gag atg gtt atc gat atg cca gtt gag 2064 Ala Gly Ile Ala Gly Val Glu Glu Met Val Ile Asp Met Pro Val Glu 675 680 685 gga tgg cgc cat acc ctc ttc gcc aat ctg atc agc aac tac tcg ttg 2112 Gly Trp Arg His Thr Leu Phe Ala Asn Leu Ile Ser Asn Tyr Ser Leu 690 695 700 atg cgc aaa ctg gcg ccg ttg atg aaa aaa cag ggt agc ggt tac atc 2160 Met Arg Lys Leu Ala Pro Leu Met Lys Lys Gln Gly Ser Gly Tyr Ile 705 710 715 720 ctt aac gtc tca tca tac ttt ggc ggt gaa aaa gat gcg gcc att ccc 2208 Leu Asn Val Ser Ser Tyr Phe Gly Gly Glu Lys Asp Ala Ala Ile Pro 725 730 735 tac ccc aac cgt gcc gat tac gcc gtc tcg aag gct ggt cag cgg gca 2256 Tyr Pro Asn Arg Ala Asp Tyr Ala Val Ser Lys Ala Gly Gln Arg Ala 740 745 750 atg gcc gaa gtc ttt gcg cgc ttc ctt ggc ccg gag ata cag atc aat 2304 Met Ala Glu Val Phe Ala Arg Phe Leu Gly Pro Glu Ile Gln Ile Asn 755 760 765 gcc att gcg ccg ggt ccg gtc gaa ggt gat cgc ttg cgc ggt acc ggt 2352 Ala Ile Ala Pro Gly Pro Val Glu Gly Asp Arg Leu Arg Gly Thr Gly 770 775 780 gaa cgt ccc ggc ctc ttt gcc cgt cgg gcg cgg ctg att ttg gag aac 2400 Glu Arg Pro Gly Leu Phe Ala Arg Arg Ala Arg Leu Ile Leu Glu Asn 785 790 795 800 aag cgg ctg aat gag ctt cac gct gct ctt atc gcg gct gcg cgc acc 2448 Lys Arg Leu Asn Glu Leu His Ala Ala Leu Ile Ala Ala Ala Arg Thr 805 810 815 gat gag cga tct atg cac gaa ctg gtt gaa ctg ctc tta ccc aat gat 2496 Asp Glu Arg Ser Met His Glu Leu Val Glu Leu Leu Leu Pro Asn Asp 820 825 830 gtg gcc gca cta gag cag aat ccc gca gca cct acc gcg ttg cgt gaa 2544 Val Ala Ala Leu Glu Gln Asn Pro Ala Ala Pro Thr Ala Leu Arg Glu 835 840 845 ctg gca cga cgt ttt cgc agc gaa ggc gat ccg gcg gca tca tca agc 2592 Leu Ala Arg Arg Phe Arg Ser Glu Gly Asp Pro Ala Ala Ser Ser Ser 850 855 860 agt gcg ctg ctg aac cgt tca att gcc gct aaa ttg ctg gct cgt ttg 2640 Ser Ala Leu Leu Asn Arg Ser Ile Ala Ala Lys Leu Leu Ala Arg Leu 865 870 875 880 cat aat ggt ggc tat gtg ttg cct gcc gac atc ttt gca aac ctg cca 2688 His Asn Gly Gly Tyr Val Leu Pro Ala Asp Ile Phe Ala Asn Leu Pro 885 890 895 aac ccg ccc gat ccc ttc ttc acc cga gcc cag att gat cgc gag gct 2736 Asn Pro Pro Asp Pro Phe Phe Thr Arg Ala Gln Ile Asp Arg Glu Ala 900 905 910 cgc aag gtt cgt gac ggc atc atg ggg atg ctc tac ctg caa cgg atg 2784 Arg Lys Val Arg Asp Gly Ile Met Gly Met Leu Tyr Leu Gln Arg Met 915 920 925 ccg act gag ttt gat gtc gca atg gcc acc gtc tat tac ctt gcc gac 2832 Pro Thr Glu Phe Asp Val Ala Met Ala Thr Val Tyr Tyr Leu Ala Asp 930 935 940 cgc aat gtc agt ggt gag aca ttc cac cca tca ggt ggt ttg cgt tac 2880 Arg Asn Val Ser Gly Glu Thr Phe His Pro Ser Gly Gly Leu Arg Tyr 945 950 955 960 gaa cgc acc cct acc ggt ggc gaa ctc ttc ggc ttg ccc tca ccg gaa 2928 Glu Arg Thr Pro Thr Gly Gly Glu Leu Phe Gly Leu Pro Ser Pro Glu 965 970 975 cgg ctg gcg gag ctg gtc gga agc acg gtc tat ctg ata ggt gaa cat 2976 Arg Leu Ala Glu Leu Val Gly Ser Thr Val Tyr Leu Ile Gly Glu His 980 985 990 ctg act gaa cac ctt aac ctg ctt gcc cgt gcg tac ctc gaa cgt tac 3024 Leu Thr Glu His Leu Asn Leu Leu Ala Arg Ala Tyr Leu Glu Arg Tyr 995 1000 1005 ggg gca cgt cag gta gtg atg att gtt gag aca gaa acc ggg gca 3069 Gly Ala Arg Gln Val Val Met Ile Val Glu Thr Glu Thr Gly Ala 1010 1015 1020 gag aca atg cgt cgc ttg ctc cac gat cac gtc gag gct ggt cgg 3114 Glu Thr Met Arg Arg Leu Leu His Asp His Val Glu Ala Gly Arg 1025 1030 1035 ctg atg act att gtg gcc ggt gat cag atc gaa gcc gct atc gac 3159 Leu Met Thr Ile Val Ala Gly Asp Gln Ile Glu Ala Ala Ile Asp 1040 1045 1050 cag gct atc act cgc tac ggt cgc cca ggg ccg gtc gtc tgt acc 3204 Gln Ala Ile Thr Arg Tyr Gly Arg Pro Gly Pro Val Val Cys Thr 1055 1060 1065 ccc ttc cgg cca ctg ccg acg gta cca ctg gtc ggg cgt aaa gac 3249 Pro Phe Arg Pro Leu Pro Thr Val Pro Leu Val Gly Arg Lys Asp 1070 1075 1080 agt gac tgg agc aca gtg ttg agt gag gct gaa ttt gcc gag ttg 3294 Ser Asp Trp Ser Thr Val Leu Ser Glu Ala Glu Phe Ala Glu Leu 1085 1090 1095 tgc gaa cac cag ctc acc cac cat ttc cgg gta gcg cgc aag att 3339 Cys Glu His Gln Leu Thr His His Phe Arg Val Ala Arg Lys Ile 1100 1105 1110 gcc ctg agt gat ggt gcc agt ctc gcg ctg gtc act ccc gaa act 3384 Ala Leu Ser Asp Gly Ala Ser Leu Ala Leu Val Thr Pro Glu Thr 1115 1120 1125 acg gct acc tca act acc gag caa ttt gct ctg gct aac ttc atc 3429 Thr Ala Thr Ser Thr Thr Glu Gln Phe Ala Leu Ala Asn Phe Ile 1130 1135 1140 aaa acg acc ctt cac gct ttt acg gct acg att ggt gtc gag agc 3474 Lys Thr Thr Leu His Ala Phe Thr Ala Thr Ile Gly Val Glu Ser 1145 1150 1155 gaa aga act gct cag cgc att ctg atc aat caa gtc gat ctg acc 3519 Glu Arg Thr Ala Gln Arg Ile Leu Ile Asn Gln Val Asp Leu Thr 1160 1165 1170 cgg cgt gcg cgt gcc gaa gag ccg cgt gat ccg cac gag cgt caa 3564 Arg Arg Ala Arg Ala Glu Glu Pro Arg Asp Pro His Glu Arg Gln 1175 1180 1185 caa gaa ctg gaa cgt ttt atc gag gca gtc ttg ctg gtc act gca 3609 Gln Glu Leu Glu Arg Phe Ile Glu Ala Val Leu Leu Val Thr Ala 1190 1195 1200 cca ctc ccg cct gaa gcc gat acc cgt tac gcc ggg cgg att cat 3654 Pro Leu Pro Pro Glu Ala Asp Thr Arg Tyr Ala Gly Arg Ile His 1205 1210 1215 cgc gga cgg gcg att acc gtg taa 3678 Arg Gly Arg Ala Ile Thr Val 1220 1225 141 1225 PRT Chloroflexus aurantiacus 141 Met Ala Thr Gly Glu Ser Met Ser Gly Thr Gly Arg Leu Ala Gly Lys 1 5 10 15 Ile Ala Leu Ile Thr Gly Gly Ala Gly Asn Ile Gly Ser Glu Leu Thr 20 25 30 Arg Arg Phe Leu Ala Glu Gly Ala Thr Val Ile Ile Ser Gly Arg Asn 35 40 45 Arg Ala Lys Leu Thr Ala Leu Ala Glu Arg Met Gln Ala Glu Ala Gly 50 55 60 Val Pro Ala Lys Arg Ile Asp Leu Glu Val Met Asp Gly Ser Asp Pro 65 70 75 80 Val Ala Val Arg Ala Gly Ile Glu Ala Ile Val Ala Arg His Gly Gln 85 90 95 Ile Asp Ile Leu Val Asn Asn Ala Gly Ser Ala Gly Ala Gln Arg Arg 100 105 110 Leu Ala Glu Ile Pro Leu Thr Glu Ala Glu Leu Gly Pro Gly Ala Glu 115 120 125 Glu Thr Leu His Ala Ser Ile Ala Asn Leu Leu Gly Met Gly Trp His 130 135 140 Leu Met Arg Ile Ala Ala Pro His Met Pro Val Gly Ser Ala Val Ile 145 150 155 160 Asn Val Ser Thr Ile Phe Ser Arg Ala Glu Tyr Tyr Gly Arg Ile Pro 165 170 175 Tyr Val Thr Pro Lys Ala Ala Leu Asn Ala Leu Ser Gln Leu Ala Ala 180 185 190 Arg Glu Leu Gly Ala Arg Gly Ile Arg Val Asn Thr Ile Phe Pro Gly 195 200 205 Pro Ile Glu Ser Asp Arg Ile Arg Thr Val Phe Gln Arg Met Asp Gln 210 215 220 Leu Lys Gly Arg Pro Glu Gly Asp Thr Ala His His Phe Leu Asn Thr 225 230 235 240 Met Arg Leu Cys Arg Ala Asn Asp Gln Gly Ala Leu Glu Arg Arg Phe 245 250 255 Pro Ser Val Gly Asp Val Ala Asp Ala Ala Val Phe Leu Ala Ser Ala 260 265 270 Glu Ser Ala Ala Leu Ser Gly Glu Thr Ile Glu Val Thr His Gly Met 275 280 285 Glu Leu Pro Ala Cys Ser Glu Thr Ser Leu Leu Ala Arg Thr Asp Leu 290 295 300 Arg Thr Ile Asp Ala Ser Gly Arg Thr Thr Leu Ile Cys Ala Gly Asp 305 310 315 320 Gln Ile Glu Glu Val Met Ala Leu Thr Gly Met Leu Arg Thr Cys Gly 325 330 335 Ser Glu Val Ile Ile Gly Phe Arg Ser Ala Ala Ala Leu Ala Gln Phe 340 345 350 Glu Gln Ala Val Asn Glu Ser Arg Arg Leu Ala Gly Ala Asp Phe Thr 355 360 365 Pro Pro Ile Ala Leu Pro Leu Asp Pro Arg Asp Pro Ala Thr Ile Asp 370 375 380 Ala Val Phe Asp Trp Ala Gly Glu Asn Thr Gly Gly Ile His Ala Ala 385 390 395 400 Val Ile Leu Pro Ala Thr Ser His Glu Pro Ala Pro Cys Val Ile Glu 405 410 415 Val Asp Asp Glu Arg Val Leu Asn Phe Leu Ala Asp Glu Ile Thr Gly 420 425 430 Thr Ile Val Ile Ala Ser Arg Leu Ala Arg Tyr Trp Gln Ser Gln Arg 435 440 445 Leu Thr Pro Gly Ala Arg Ala Arg Gly Pro Arg Val Ile Phe Leu Ser 450 455 460 Asn Gly Ala Asp Gln Asn Gly Asn Val Tyr Gly Arg Ile Gln Ser Ala 465 470 475 480 Ala Ile Gly Gln Leu Ile Arg Val Trp Arg His Glu Ala Glu Leu Asp 485 490 495 Tyr Gln Arg Ala Ser Ala Ala Gly Asp His Val Leu Pro Pro Val Trp 500 505 510 Ala Asn Gln Ile Val Arg Phe Ala Asn Arg Ser Leu Glu Gly Leu Glu 515 520 525 Phe Ala Cys Ala Trp Thr Ala Gln Leu Leu His Ser Gln Arg His Ile 530 535 540 Asn Glu Ile Thr Leu Asn Ile Pro Ala Asn Ile Ser Ala Thr Thr Gly 545 550 555 560 Ala Arg Ser Ala Ser Val Gly Trp Ala Glu Ser Leu Ile Gly Leu His 565 570 575 Leu Gly Lys Val Ala Leu Ile Thr Gly Gly Ser Ala Gly Ile Gly Gly 580 585 590 Gln Ile Gly Arg Leu Leu Ala Leu Ser Gly Ala Arg Val Met Leu Ala 595 600 605 Ala Arg Asp Arg His Lys Leu Glu Gln Met Gln Ala Met Ile Gln Ser 610 615 620 Glu Leu Ala Glu Val Gly Tyr Thr Asp Val Glu Asp Arg Val His Ile 625 630 635 640 Ala Pro Gly Cys Asp Val Ser Ser Glu Ala Gln Leu Ala Asp Leu Val 645 650 655 Glu Arg Thr Leu Ser Ala Phe Gly Thr Val Asp Tyr Leu Ile Asn Asn 660 665 670 Ala Gly Ile Ala Gly Val Glu Glu Met Val Ile Asp Met Pro Val Glu 675 680 685 Gly Trp Arg His Thr Leu Phe Ala Asn Leu Ile Ser Asn Tyr Ser Leu 690 695 700 Met Arg Lys Leu Ala Pro Leu Met Lys Lys Gln Gly Ser Gly Tyr Ile 705 710 715 720 Leu Asn Val Ser Ser Tyr Phe Gly Gly Glu Lys Asp Ala Ala Ile Pro 725 730 735 Tyr Pro Asn Arg Ala Asp Tyr Ala Val Ser Lys Ala Gly Gln Arg Ala 740 745 750 Met Ala Glu Val Phe Ala Arg Phe Leu Gly Pro Glu Ile Gln Ile Asn 755 760 765 Ala Ile Ala Pro Gly Pro Val Glu Gly Asp Arg Leu Arg Gly Thr Gly 770 775 780 Glu Arg Pro Gly Leu Phe Ala Arg Arg Ala Arg Leu Ile Leu Glu Asn 785 790 795 800 Lys Arg Leu Asn Glu Leu His Ala Ala Leu Ile Ala Ala Ala Arg Thr 805 810 815 Asp Glu Arg Ser Met His Glu Leu Val Glu Leu Leu Leu Pro Asn Asp 820 825 830 Val Ala Ala Leu Glu Gln Asn Pro Ala Ala Pro Thr Ala Leu Arg Glu 835 840 845 Leu Ala Arg Arg Phe Arg Ser Glu Gly Asp Pro Ala Ala Ser Ser Ser 850 855 860 Ser Ala Leu Leu Asn Arg Ser Ile Ala Ala Lys Leu Leu Ala Arg Leu 865 870 875 880 His Asn Gly Gly Tyr Val Leu Pro Ala Asp Ile Phe Ala Asn Leu Pro 885 890 895 Asn Pro Pro Asp Pro Phe Phe Thr Arg Ala Gln Ile Asp Arg Glu Ala 900 905 910 Arg Lys Val Arg Asp Gly Ile Met Gly Met Leu Tyr Leu Gln Arg Met 915 920 925 Pro Thr Glu Phe Asp Val Ala Met Ala Thr Val Tyr Tyr Leu Ala Asp 930 935 940 Arg Asn Val Ser Gly Glu Thr Phe His Pro Ser Gly Gly Leu Arg Tyr 945 950 955 960 Glu Arg Thr Pro Thr Gly Gly Glu Leu Phe Gly Leu Pro Ser Pro Glu 965 970 975 Arg Leu Ala Glu Leu Val Gly Ser Thr Val Tyr Leu Ile Gly Glu His 980 985 990 Leu Thr Glu His Leu Asn Leu Leu Ala Arg Ala Tyr Leu Glu Arg Tyr 995 1000 1005 Gly Ala Arg Gln Val Val Met Ile Val Glu Thr Glu Thr Gly Ala 1010 1015 1020 Glu Thr Met Arg Arg Leu Leu His Asp His Val Glu Ala Gly Arg 1025 1030 1035 Leu Met Thr Ile Val Ala Gly Asp Gln Ile Glu Ala Ala Ile Asp 1040 1045 1050 Gln Ala Ile Thr Arg Tyr Gly Arg Pro Gly Pro Val Val Cys Thr 1055 1060 1065 Pro Phe Arg Pro Leu Pro Thr Val Pro Leu Val Gly Arg Lys Asp 1070 1075 1080 Ser Asp Trp Ser Thr Val Leu Ser Glu Ala Glu Phe Ala Glu Leu 1085 1090 1095 Cys Glu His Gln Leu Thr His His Phe Arg Val Ala Arg Lys Ile 1100 1105 1110 Ala Leu Ser Asp Gly Ala Ser Leu Ala Leu Val Thr Pro Glu Thr 1115 1120 1125 Thr Ala Thr Ser Thr Thr Glu Gln Phe Ala Leu Ala Asn Phe Ile 1130 1135 1140 Lys Thr Thr Leu His Ala Phe Thr Ala Thr Ile Gly Val Glu Ser 1145 1150 1155 Glu Arg Thr Ala Gln Arg Ile Leu Ile Asn Gln Val Asp Leu Thr 1160 1165 1170 Arg Arg Ala Arg Ala Glu Glu Pro Arg Asp Pro His Glu Arg Gln 1175 1180 1185 Gln Glu Leu Glu Arg Phe Ile Glu Ala Val Leu Leu Val Thr Ala 1190 1195 1200 Pro Leu Pro Pro Glu Ala Asp Thr Arg Tyr Ala Gly Arg Ile His 1205 1210 1215 Arg Gly Arg Ala Ile Thr Val 1220 1225 142 336 DNA Chloroflexus aurantiacus 142 tctttctggc cagtgccgaa tccgccgctc tctccggtga gacgattgag gttacgcacg 60 gaatggagtt gccggcctgc agtgagacca gcctgctggc ccgtactgat ctgcgcacga 120 ttgatgccag tggccgcacg acgctcatct gcgccggcga ccagattgaa gaggtgatgg 180 cgctcaccgg tatgttgcgt acctgtggga gtgaagtgat catcggcttc cgttcggctg 240 cggcgctggc ccagttcgag caggcagtca atgagagtcg gcggctggcc ggcgcagact 300 ttacgcctcc cattgccttg ccactcgatc cacgcg 336 143 249 PRT Spodoptera littoralis 143 Met Phe Ala Asn Lys Val Val Leu Val Thr Gly Gly Ser Ser Gly Ile 1 5 10 15 Gly Ala Ala Thr Val Glu Ala Phe Val Lys Glu Gly Ala Ser Val Ala 20 25 30 Phe Val Gly Arg Asn Gln Ala Lys Leu Lys Glu Val Glu Ser Arg Cys 35 40 45 Gln Gln His Gly Ala Asn Ile Leu Ala Ile Lys Ala Asp Val Ser Lys 50 55 60 Asp Glu Glu Ala Lys Ile Ile Val Gln Gln Thr Val Asp Lys Phe Gly 65 70 75 80 Lys Leu Asp Val Leu Val Asn Asn Ala Gly Ile Leu Arg Phe Ala Ser 85 90 95 Val Leu Glu Pro Thr Leu Ile Gln Thr Phe Asp Glu Thr Met Asn Thr 100 105 110 Asn Leu Arg Pro Val Val Leu Ile Thr Ser Leu Ala Ile Pro His Leu 115 120 125 Ile Ala Thr Lys Gly Ser Ile Val Asn Val Ser Ser Ile Leu Ser Thr 130 135 140 Ile Val Arg Ile Pro Gly Ile Met Ser Tyr Ser Val Ser Lys Ala Ala 145 150 155 160 Met Asp His Phe Thr Lys Leu Ala Ala Leu Glu Leu Ala Pro Ser Gly 165 170 175 Val Arg Val Asn Ser Val Asn Pro Gly Pro Val Leu Thr Asp Ile Ala 180 185 190 Ala Gly Ser Gly Phe Ser Pro Asp Leu Leu Glu Asp Thr Gly Ala His 195 200 205 Thr Pro Leu Gly Lys Ala Ala Gln Ser Glu Glu Ile Ala Asp Met Ile 210 215 220 Val Tyr Leu Ala Ser Asp Lys Ala Lys Ser Val Thr Gly Ser Cys Tyr 225 230 235 240 Ile Met Asp Asn Gly Leu Ala Leu Gln 245 144 246 PRT Thermotoga maritima 144 Met Arg Leu Glu Gly Lys Val Cys Leu Ile Thr Gly Ala Ala Ser Gly 1 5 10 15 Ile Gly Lys Ala Thr Thr Leu Leu Phe Ala Gln Glu Gly Ala Thr Val 20 25 30 Ile Ala Gly Asp Ile Ser Lys Glu Asn Leu Asp Ser Leu Val Lys Glu 35 40 45 Ala Glu Gly Leu Pro Gly Lys Val Asp Pro Tyr Val Leu Asn Val Thr 50 55 60 Asp Arg Asp Gln Ile Lys Glu Val Val Glu Lys Val Val Gln Lys Tyr 65 70 75 80 Gly Arg Ile Asp Val Leu Val Asn Asn Ala Gly Ile Thr Arg Asp Ala 85 90 95 Leu Leu Val Arg Met Lys Glu Glu Asp Trp Asp Ala Val Ile Asn Val 100 105 110 Asn Leu Lys Gly Val Phe Asn Val Thr Gln Met Val Val Pro Tyr Met 115 120 125 Ile Lys Gln Arg Asn Gly Ser Ile Val Asn Val Ser Ser Val Val Gly 130 135 140 Ile Tyr Gly Asn Pro Gly Gln Thr Asn Tyr Ala Ala Ser Lys Ala Gly 145 150 155 160 Val Ile Gly Met Thr Lys Thr Trp Ala Lys Glu Leu Ala Gly Arg Asn 165 170 175 Ile Arg Val Asn Ala Val Ala Pro Gly Phe Ile Glu Thr Pro Met Thr 180 185 190 Glu Lys Leu Pro Glu Lys Ala Arg Glu Thr Ala Leu Ser Arg Ile Pro 195 200 205 Leu Gly Arg Phe Gly Lys Pro Glu Glu Val Ala Gln Val Ile Leu Phe 210 215 220 Leu Ala Ser Asp Glu Ser Ser Tyr Val Thr Gly Gln Val Ile Gly Ile 225 230 235 240 Asp Gly Gly Leu Val Ile 245 145 289 PRT Bacillus subtilis 145 Met Asn Pro Met Asp Arg Gln Thr Glu Gly Gln Glu Pro Gln His Gln 1 5 10 15 Asp Arg Gln Pro Gly Ile Glu Ser Lys Met Asn Pro Leu Pro Leu Ser 20 25 30 Glu Asp Glu Asp Tyr Arg Gly Ser Gly Lys Leu Lys Gly Lys Val Ala 35 40 45 Ile Ile Thr Gly Gly Asp Ser Gly Ile Gly Arg Ala Ala Ala Ile Ala 50 55 60 Phe Ala Lys Glu Gly Ala Asp Ile Ser Ile Leu Tyr Leu Asp Glu His 65 70 75 80 Ser Asp Ala Glu Glu Thr Arg Lys Arg Ile Glu Lys Glu Asn Val Arg 85 90 95 Cys Leu Leu Ile Pro Gly Asp Val Gly Asp Glu Asn His Cys Glu Gln 100 105 110 Ala Val Gln Gln Thr Val Asp His Phe Gly Lys Leu Asp Ile Leu Val 115 120 125 Asn Asn Ala Ala Glu Gln His Pro Gln Asp Ser Ile Leu Asn Ile Ser 130 135 140 Thr Glu Gln Leu Glu Lys Thr Phe Arg Thr Asn Ile Phe Ser Met Phe 145 150 155 160 His Met Thr Lys Lys Ala Leu Pro His Leu Gln Glu Gly Cys Ala Ile 165 170 175 Ile Asn Thr Thr Ser Ile Thr Ala Tyr Glu Gly Asp Thr Ala Leu Ile 180 185 190 Asp Tyr Ser Ser Thr Lys Gly Ala Ile Val Ser Phe Thr Arg Ser Met 195 200 205 Ala Lys Ser Leu Ala Asp Lys Gly Ile Arg Val Asn Ala Val Ala Pro 210 215 220 Gly Pro Ile Trp Thr Pro Leu Ile Pro Ala Thr Phe Pro Glu Glu Lys 225 230 235 240 Val Lys Gln His Gly Leu Asp Thr Pro Met Gly Arg Pro Gly Gln Pro 245 250 255 Val Glu His Ala Gly Ala Tyr Val Leu Leu Ala Ser Asp Glu Ser Ser 260 265 270 Tyr Met Thr Gly Gln Thr Ile His Val Asn Gly Gly Arg Phe Ile Ser 275 280 285 Thr 146 285 PRT Sinorhizobium meliloti 146 Met Glu Lys Phe Pro His Pro Pro Phe Pro Arg Gln Thr Gln Glu Met 1 5 10 15 Pro Gly Thr Thr Asp Arg Met Gln Pro Leu Pro Asp His Gly Glu Asn 20 25 30 Ser Tyr Gln Gly Ser Gly Arg Leu Lys Asp Lys Arg Ala Ile Ile Thr 35 40 45 Gly Gly Asp Ser Gly Ile Gly Arg Ala Val Ala Ile Ala Tyr Ala Arg 50 55 60 Glu Gly Ala Asp Val Leu Ile Ser Tyr Leu Ser Glu His Asp Asp Ala 65 70 75 80 Met Ala Thr Lys Ala Leu Val Glu Glu Ala Gly Arg Lys Ala Val Leu 85 90 95 Ala Ala Gly Asp Ile Gln Ser Ser Asp His Cys Arg Arg Ile Val Glu 100 105 110 Thr Ala Val Arg Glu Leu Gly Gly Ile Asp Ile Leu Val Asn Asn Ala 115 120 125 Ala His Gln Ala Thr Phe Lys Asn Ile Glu Asp Ile Ser Asp Glu Glu 130 135 140 Trp Glu Leu Thr Phe Arg Val Asn Met His Ala Met Phe Tyr Leu Thr 145 150 155 160 Lys Ala Ala Val Pro His Met Lys Lys Gly Ser Ala Ile Ile Asn Thr 165 170 175 Ala Ser Ile Asn Ala Asp Val Pro Asn Pro Ile Leu Leu Ala Tyr Ala 180 185 190 Thr Thr Lys Gly Ala Ile His Asn Phe Ser Ala Gly Leu Ala Gln Met 195 200 205 Leu Ala Glu Arg Gly Ile Arg Val Asn Val Val Ala Pro Gly Pro Ile 210 215 220 Trp Thr Pro Leu Ile Pro Ser Thr Met Pro Glu Asp Thr Val Ala Asp 225 230 235 240 Phe Gly Lys Gln Val Pro Met Lys Arg Pro Gly Gln Pro Val Glu Leu 245 250 255 Ala Ser Ala Tyr Val Met Leu Ala Asp Pro Met Ser Ser Tyr Val Ser 260 265 270 Gly Ala Thr Ile Ala Val Thr Gly Gly Lys Pro Phe Leu 275 280 285 147 257 PRT Mesorhizobium loti 147 Met Arg Leu Leu His Lys Arg Thr Leu Val Thr Gly Gly Ser Asp Gly 1 5 10 15 Ile Gly Leu Ala Ile Ala Glu Ala Phe Leu Ser Glu Gly Ala Asp Val 20 25 30 Leu Ile Val Gly Arg Asp Ala Ala Lys Leu Glu Ala Ala Arg Gln Lys 35 40 45 Leu Ala Ala Leu Gly Gln Ala Gly Ala Val Glu Thr Ser Ser Ala Asp 50 55 60 Leu Ala Thr Ser Leu Gly Val Ala Thr Val Val Glu Gln Val Lys Glu 65 70 75 80 Thr Gly Arg Pro Leu Asp Ile Pro Ile Asn Asn Ala Gly Val Ala Asp 85 90 95 Leu Val Pro Phe Glu Ser Val Ser Glu Ala Gln Phe Gln His Ser Phe 100 105 110 Ala Leu Asn Val Ala Ala Ala Phe Phe Leu Thr Gln Gly Leu Leu Pro 115 120 125 His Phe Gly Ala Gly Ala Ser Ile Ile Asn Ile Ser Ser Tyr Phe Ala 130 135 140 Arg Lys Met Ile Pro Lys Arg Pro Ser Ser Val Tyr Ser Leu Ser Lys 145 150 155 160 Gly Ala Leu Asn Ser Leu Thr Arg Ser Leu Ala Phe Glu Leu Gly Pro 165 170 175 Arg Gly Ile Arg Val Asn Ala Ile Ala Pro Gly Thr Val Asp Thr Ala 180 185 190 Met Arg Arg Lys Thr Val Asp Asn Leu Pro Ala Glu Ala Lys Ala Glu 195 200 205 Leu Lys Ala Tyr Val Glu Arg Ser Tyr Pro Leu Gly Arg Ile Gly Arg 210 215 220 Pro Asp Asp Leu Ala Gly Met Ala Val Tyr Leu Ala Ser Asp Glu Ala 225 230 235 240 Ala Trp Thr Ser Gly Gly Ile Phe Ala Val Asp Gly Gly Tyr Thr Ala 245 250 255 Gly 148 774 DNA Mesorhizobium loti 148 atgagacttc tgcacaagcg cacgctggtg accggcggct cggacggtat cggcctggca 60 atcgccgagg cgttcctgag cgagggcgcc gatgtcctga tcgtcggccg tgacgccgcc 120 aagctcgaag ccgcgcgcca gaagctggcg gctcttggcc aggccggcgc ggtggagacg 180 tcgtccgccg atcttgccac cagcctcggt gtcgcaaccg tcgtcgagca ggtgaaagag 240 accggccggc cgctcgacat tcctatcaac aatgccggtg tcgccgacct cgtgccgttc 300 gagagcgtca gcgaggcgca gttccagcac tccttcgcgc tcaatgtggc ggcggcgttc 360 ttcctcaccc aggggctgct gccgcatttc ggcgccggtg catcgatcat caacatctct 420 tcctatttcg cccgcaagat gatcccgaag cggccatcca gcgtctactc cctgtccaag 480 ggcgcgttga actcgttgac cagatcgctg gccttcgagc tcggcccgcg cggcatccgc 540 gtcaacgcca tcgcgcccgg cacggtcgac accgccatgc ggcgcaagac cgtcgacaac 600 ctgccggccg aggccaaggc cgaactgaag gcctatgtcg aacgcagcta tccgctgggc 660 cgcatcggcc gtccggacga cctcgccggc atggcggttt atctagccag cgacgaggcg 720 gcctggacga gcggtgggat ctttgccgtg gatggtggct acacggccgg atga 774 149 750 DNA Spodoptera littoralis 149 atgttcgcaa ataaagtggt actagtaaca ggtggtagct ccggtatcgg cgcagctact 60 gtggaagcat tcgttaagga aggcgcttct gtagccttcg tgggaagaaa ccaagccaag 120 cttaaggaag tagagagccg ctgccagcag catggagcca acatcctggc tatcaaagca 180 gatgtctcca aagacgagga agcgaaaatc atcgtacaac aaactgtcga caagttcggg 240 aagcttgatg tgcttgttaa caacgctggg attctacggt tcgcgagtgt tctggagccg 300 actttaatac aaacttttga tgaaactatg aacacgaatt tacgtccagt tgtcctcatc 360 actagcctgg ctatccctca tttgattgct acaaaaggga gcatagttaa cgtatccagt 420 atactgtcta caatagtaag aataccaggg attatgtcat acagtgtgtc aaaggctgct 480 atggatcact tcacaaaatt ggcagcgttg gagctggctc cttctggcgt gcgagtgaac 540 tcagtcaacc ctggaccagt tcttactgat atcgcagctg gttctggctt ttctcctgat 600 ctgcttgaag atacaggggc tcatacaccg ttggggaaag ctgcgcagtc tgaggagatt 660 gctgatatga ttgtgtatct ggctagtgat aaagctaaga gtgttacggg gtcctgttat 720 atcatggaca atggactcgc gctgcagtaa 750 150 741 DNA Thermotoga maritima 150 atgaggcttg aagggaaagt gtgtctgatc acaggggctg caagcgggat agggaaagcc 60 accacgcttc ttttcgcaca ggaaggagct acggtgatcg ctggcgatat ctcgaaagaa 120 aatctcgact ctcttgtgaa agaggcagaa ggacttccgg ggaaggttga tccctacgtt 180 ttgaacgtga ccgacaggga tcagataaag gaagttgtgg aaaaagtcgt tcaaaagtac 240 ggtcgaatcg atgttctggt gaacaacgcg ggaataacaa gggatgcgct tcttgtgagg 300 atgaaagaag aagactggga tgcggtaata aacgtgaatc tgaagggtgt tttcaacgtg 360 actcagatgg tggtgcccta catgatcaaa cagaggaacg gttcgatcgt gaacgtctcc 420 tctgtcgttg gaatatacgg gaatcctggt cagacgaatt acgcggcgtc gaaggcggga 480 gtcataggaa tgaccaagac gtgggcgaag gaactcgctg gaagaaacat cagggtgaac 540 gctgtggcac ccggattcat agaaaccccc atgaccgaaa aacttccaga aaaagcccgt 600 gaaacggccc tttccagaat accgctggga aggtttggga agccagaaga ggtggcgcag 660 gttatactct tcctcgcatc ggacgagtcg agttacgtca ccggacaggt gataggaata 720 gatgggggcc tcgtgatctg a 741 151 858 DNA Sinorhizobium meliloti 151 atggaaaaat ttccgcaccc tccctttccc cgccaaaccc aggaaatgcc cggcactacc 60 gatcggatgc agccgctgcc cgatcacggg gaaaactcct accagggttc cggacgcctg 120 aaggacaaga gagccatcat caccggcggg gacagcggca tcggcagggc cgtggcgatc 180 gcctatgcgc gcgagggagc ggacgtcctt atcagctatc tgagcgagca tgacgacgcg 240 atggccacca aggctctggt ggaggaagca ggtcgcaagg ccgtgcttgc cgccggcgac 300 atccagtcgt ccgaccattg ccgcaggatc gtcgaaacgg ccgttcggga actcggcggc 360 atcgacattc tcgtcaacaa tgcagcccat caggcgacct tcaagaacat cgaagacatc 420 agcgacgagg agtgggagct gacattccgc gtcaacatgc acgccatgtt ctacctgacc 480 aaggcagcgg tgccgcacat gaagaagggc agcgcgatca tcaacaccgc ttccatcaat 540 gccgacgttc ccaatccgat cctactcgcc tatgcgacca ccaagggcgc gatccacaat 600 ttcagcgccg gtctcgcgca gatgctggcc gaacgcggga taagagtgaa tgtcgtggcc 660 ccgggcccga tctggacgcc gctgatcccc tccaccatgc ccgaggatac cgtcgccgat 720 ttcggcaaac aggtgcctat gaagcgaccg ggccagcccg tggaactcgc ctcggcctat 780 gtcatgctgg cggatccgat gtcgagctac gtgtcaggcg caacgattgc cgtgaccggc 840 ggcaagcctt tcctttga 858 152 870 DNA Bacillus subtilis 152 gtgaacccaa tggacagaca aacagaagga caagaaccgc agcatcagga cagacagccg 60 ggcattgagt caaaaatgaa tccgctgccg ctgtcagagg acgaggatta tcgaggaagc 120 ggaaaactga aaggaaaagt tgcgatcatt actggaggcg acagcggaat agggagagca 180 gcagctattg cctttgctaa agagggggct gatatctcca ttctatactt agacgagcat 240 tcggacgcag aggaaacacg caaacggatc gaaaaggaga atgtccgctg cctgcttatc 300 ccgggagatg ttggggacga gaaccattgt gaacaagctg tgcagcaaac agtggaccat 360 tttggtaaac tcgatatctt agtgaacaac gccgctgaac agcatcccca ggacagcatt 420 ctcaatattt caacagaaca gctggaaaaa acctttcgca caaatatttt ttccatgttt 480 catatgacga agaaagcttt gcctcacctg caagaggggt gtgccattat taatacgaca 540 tcgattaccg cttatgaagg ggatacggcg ttaattgatt attccagcac aaagggtgcg 600 attgtttcct ttacgcgttc catggcgaag tcgcttgcag ataaaggcat cagagtgaat 660 gcggtggcgc ccggtccgat ttggacaccg cttattccgg cgacattccc tgaggaaaaa 720 gtgaaacagc acggcttgga taccccaatg ggaagaccgg gacagccggt tgagcatgca 780 ggcgcctatg ttctgctggc gtctgacgaa tcttcctata tgacagggca gaccattcat 840 gtgaatggcg gccgttttat ttcaacgtaa 870 153 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 153 atggcgacgg gcgagtccat gag 23 154 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 154 ggacacgaag aacagggcga cac 23 155 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 155 gaactgtctg gagtaaggct gtc 23 156 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 156 gattccgtat gtcaccccta 20 157 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 157 caggcgactg gcaatcacaa 20 158 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 158 gagaccacaa cggtttccct cta 23 159 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 159 ggacacgaag aacagggcga cac 23 160 145 PRT Clostridium propionicum 160 Met Val Gly Lys Lys Val Val His His Leu Met Met Ser Ala Lys Asp 1 5 10 15 Ala His Tyr Thr Gly Asn Leu Val Asn Gly Ala Arg Ile Val Asn Gln 20 25 30 Trp Gly Asp Val Gly Thr Glu Leu Met Val Tyr Val Asp Gly Asp Ile 35 40 45 Ser Leu Phe Leu Gly Tyr Lys Asp Ile Glu Phe Thr Ala Pro Val Tyr 50 55 60 Val Gly Asp Phe Met Glu Tyr His Gly Trp Ile Glu Lys Val Gly Asn 65 70 75 80 Gln Ser Tyr Thr Cys Lys Phe Glu Ala Trp Lys Val Ala Thr Met Val 85 90 95 Asp Ile Thr Asn Pro Gln Asp Thr Arg Ala Thr Ala Cys Glu Pro Pro 100 105 110 Val Leu Cys Gly Arg Ala Thr Gly Ser Leu Phe Ile Ala Lys Lys Asp 115 120 125 Gln Arg Gly Pro Gln Glu Ser Ser Phe Lys Glu Arg Lys His Pro Gly 130 135 140 Glu 145 161 144 PRT Clostridium propionicum 161 Met Val Gly Lys Lys Val Val His His Leu Met Met Ser Ala Lys Asp 1 5 10 15 Ala His Tyr Thr Gly Asn Leu Val Asn Gly Ala Arg Ile Val Asn Gln 20 25 30 Trp Gly Asp Val Gly Thr Glu Leu Met Val Tyr Val Asp Gly Asp Ile 35 40 45 Ser Leu Phe Leu Gly Tyr Lys Asp Ile Glu Phe Thr Ala Pro Val Tyr 50 55 60 Val Gly Asp Phe Met Glu Tyr His Gly Trp Ile Glu Lys Val Gly Asn 65 70 75 80 Gln Ser Tyr Thr Cys Lys Phe Glu Ala Trp Lys Val Ala Lys Met Val 85 90 95 Asp Ile Thr Asn Pro Gln Asp Thr Arg Ala Thr Ala Cys Glu Pro Pro 100 105 110 Val Leu Cys Gly Thr Ala Thr Gly Ser Leu Phe Ile Ala Lys Asp Asn 115 120 125 Gln Arg Gly Pro Gln Glu Ser Ser Phe Lys Asp Ala Lys His Pro Gln 130 135 140 162 438 DNA Clostridium propionicum 162 atggtaggta aaaaggttgt acatcattta atgatgagcg caaaagatgc tcactatact 60 ggaaacttag taaacggcgc tagaattgtg aatcagtggg gcgacgttgg tacagaatta 120 atggtttatg ttgatggtga cataagctta ttcttgggct acaaagatat cgaattcaca 180 gctcctgtat atgttggtga ctttatggaa taccacggct ggattgaaaa agttggtaac 240 cagtcctata catgtaaatt tgaagcatgg aaagttgcaa caatggttga tatcacaaat 300 cctcaggata cacgcgcaac agcttgtgag cctccggtat tgtgcggaag agcaacgggt 360 agtttgttca tcgcaaaaaa agatcagaga ggccctcagg aatcctcttt taaagagaga 420 aagcaccccg gtgaatga 438 163 435 DNA Clostridium propionicum 163 atggtaggta aaaaggttgt acatcattta atgatgagcg caaaagatgc tcactatact 60 ggaaacttag taaacggcgc tagaattgtg aatcagtggg gcgacgtagg tacagaatta 120 atggtttatg ttgatggtga catcagctta ttcttgggct acaaagatat cgaattcaca 180 gctcctgtat atgttggtga ttttatggaa taccacggct ggattgaaaa agttggcaac 240 cagtcctata catgtaaatt tgaagcatgg aaagtagcaa agatggttga tatcacaaat 300 ccacaggata cacgtgcaac agcttgtgaa cctccggtac tttgtggtac tgcaacaggc 360 agccttttca tcgcaaagga taatcagaga ggtcctcagg aatcttcctt caaggatgca 420 aagcaccctc aataa 435 164 44 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 164 atagggccca ggagatcaaa ccatgggtga agagtctctg gttc 44 165 40 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 165 cctctgctac agtcgacaca acgaccactg aagttgggag 40 166 40 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 166 agtctgctat cggtacctca acgaccactg aagttgggag 40 167 40 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 167 atagcggccg cataatggat actctcggaa tcgacgttgg 40 168 40 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 168 ccccatcgat acatatttct tgattttatc ataagcaatc 40 169 40 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 169 ccagggccca taatgggtga agaaaaaaca gtagatattg 40 170 38 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 170 ggtagacttg tcgacgtagt ggtttcctcc ttcattgg 38 171 40 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 171 atagcggccg cataatgggt cagatcgacg aacttatcag 40 172 39 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 172 aggttcaact agttcgtaga ggatttccga gaaagcctg 39 173 35 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 173 ctagggccca taatggaact cgccgtttat agcac 35 174 34 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 174 acttctcgag ttaaaccagt tcgttcgggc aggt 34 175 37 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 175 gggactagta taatgggaaa agtagaaatc attacag 37 176 37 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 176 cggcttaatt aacagcagag atttattttt tcagtcc 37 177 35 PRT Clostridium propionicum 177 Met Val Gly Lys Lys Val Val His His Leu Met Met Ser Ala Lys Asp 1 5 10 15 Ala His Tyr Thr Gly Asn Leu Val Asn Gly Ala Arg Ile Val Asn Gln 20 25 30 Trp Gly Asp 35 178 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 178 atggtwggya araargtwgt 20 179 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 179 tcrccccayt grttwacrat 20 180 64 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 180 acatcattta atgatgagcg caaaagatgc tcactatact ggaaacttag taaacggcgc 60 taga 64 181 31 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 181 gtacatcatt taatgatgag cgcaaaagat g 31 182 30 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 182 gatgctcact atactggaaa cttagtaaac 30 183 28 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 183 attctagcgc cgtttactaa gtttccag 28 184 30 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 184 ccagtatagt gagcatcttt tgcgctcatc 30 185 27 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 185 gagccatgga agaaataaat gctaaag 27 186 27 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 186 agaggatggc tttttaaatc gctattc 27 187 27 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 187 atacatatga ccgaccgaca tcgcatt 27 188 27 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 188 atagtcgacg ggtcagtcct tgccgcg 27 

What is claimed is:
 1. A cell comprising lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity.
 2. The cell of claim 1, wherein said cell comprises an activity selected from the group consisting of E1 activator activity, E2 α activity, and E2 β activity.
 3. The cell of claim 1, wherein said cell comprises 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity.
 4. The cell of claim 1 wherein said cell comprises CoA transferase activity.
 5. The cell of claim 1, wherein said cell comprises an exogenous nucleic acid comprising: (a) a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129, 140, 142, 162, or 163; or (b) a nucleic acid sequence that shares at least 65 percent sequence identity with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129,140, 142, 162, or
 163. 6. The cell of claim 1, wherein said cell comprises 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA hydrolase activity or 3-hydroxyisobutryl-CoA hydrolase activity.
 7. The cell of claim 1, wherein said cell comprises lipase activity.
 8. The cell of claim 1, wherein said cell produces 3-HP.
 9. The cell of claim 1, wherein said cell produces an ester of 3-HP.
 10. The cell of claim 9, wherein said ester is selected from the group consisting of methyl 3-hydroxypropionate, ethyl 3-hydroxypropionate, propyl 3-hydroxypropionate, butyl 3-hydroxypropionate, and 2-ethylhexyl 3-hydroxypropionate.
 11. The cell of claim 1, wherein said cell comprises CoA synthetase activity.
 12. The cell of claim 1, wherein said cell comprises poly hydroxyacid synthase activity.
 13. The cell of claim 1, wherein said cell produces polymerized 3-HP.
 14. The cell of claim 1, wherein said cell is prokaryotic.
 15. The cell of claim 1, wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of yeast, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, and Escherichia cells.
 16. A cell comprising CoA synthetase activity, lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity, and poly hydroxyacid synthase activity.
 17. The cell of claim 16, wherein said cell comprises an activity selected from the group consisting of E1 activator activity, E2 α activity, and E2 β activity.
 18. The cell of claim 16, wherein the cell produces polymerized acrylate.
 19. The cell of claim 16, wherein said cell is prokaryotic.
 20. The cell of claim 16, wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of yeast, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, and Escherichia cells.
 21. A cell comprising CoA transferase activity, lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity, and lipase activity.
 22. The cell of claim 21, wherein said cell comprises an activity selected from the group consisting of E1 activator activity, E2 α activity, and E2 β activity.
 23. The cell of claim 21, wherein said cell produces an ester of acrylate.
 24. The cell of claim 23, wherein said ester is selected from the group consisting of methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, and butyl acrylate.
 25. The cell of claim 21, wherein said cell is prokaryotic.
 26. The cell of claim 21, wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of yeast, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, and Escherichia cells.
 27. An polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of. (a) a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161; (b) a sequence having at least 10 contiguous amino acid residues of a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161; (c) a sequence that has at least 65 percent sequence identity with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161; (d) a sequence that has at least65 percent sequence identity with at least 10 contiguous amino acid residues of a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161; and (e) a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 10, 18, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 141, 160, or 161 that contains at least one conservative substitution.
 28. A nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence that encodes the polypeptide of claim
 27. 29. A transformed cell comprising at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule, wherein said molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence that encodes the polypeptide of claim
 27. 30. The cell of claim 29, wherein the cell produces 3-HP.
 31. The cell of claim 29, wherein said exogenous nucleic acid molecule encodes an E2 α polypeptide of an enzyme having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity.
 32. The cell of claim 29, wherein said exogenous nucleic acid molecule encodes an E2 β polypeptide of an enzyme having said lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity.
 33. The cell of claim 29, wherein said exogenous nucleic acid molecule encodes a polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity or CoA transferase activity.
 34. The cell of claim 29, wherein said exogenous nucleic acid molecule encodes a polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA hydrolase activity or 3-hydroxyisobutryl-CoA hydrolase activity.
 35. The cell of claim 29, wherein the cell comprises lipase activity.
 36. The cell of claim 29, wherein the cell produces an ester of 3-HP.
 37. The cell of claim 36, wherein said ester is selected from the group consisting of methyl 3-hydroxypropionate, ethyl 3-hydroxypropionate, propyl 3-hydroxypropionate, butyl 3-hydroxypropionate, and 2-ethylhexyl 3-hydroxypropionate.
 38. The cell of claim 29, wherein said cell comprises CoA synthetase activity.
 39. The cell of claim 29, wherein said cell produces polymerized 3-HP.
 40. The cell of claim 29, wherein said cell is prokaryotic.
 41. The cell of claim 29, wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, and Escherichia cells.
 42. The cell of claim 29, wherein the cell is a yeast cell.
 43. A specific binding agent that specifically binds to the polypeptide of claim
 27. 44. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129, 140, 142, 162, or 163; (b) a sequence having at least 10 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129, 140, 142, 162, or 163; (c) a sequence that has at least 65 percent sequence identity with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129, 140, 142, 162, or 163; (d) a sequence that has at least 65 percent sequence identity with at least 10 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129, 140, 142, 162, or 163; and (e) a sequence that hybridize under moderately stringent conditions a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 129, 140, 142, 162, or
 163. 45. A production cell comprising an isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 44 that is exogenous to said production cell.
 46. The cell of claim 45, wherein said isolated nucleic acid molecule encodes a polypeptide having an enzymatic activity selected from the group consisting of CoA transferase activity, lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity, CoA synthase activity, CoA dehydratase activity, dehydrogenase activity, malonyl-CoA reductase activity, and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity.
 47. A method of producing a polypeptide, comprising culturing the cell of claim 45 under conditions that allow said cell to produce said polypeptide, wherein said polypeptide is produced.
 48. A method for making 3-HP, said method comprising culturing at least one cell comprising at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule that encodes at least one polypeptide that is capable of producing said 3-HP from PEP under conditions such that said 3-HP is produced.
 49. The method of claim 48, wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of yeast, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, and Escherichia cells.
 50. The method of claim 48, wherein 3-HP is made by a biosynthetic route that utilizes a β-alanine intermediate.
 51. The method of claim 48, wherein 3-HP is made by a biosynthetic route that utilizes a malonyl-CoA intermediate.
 52. The method of claim 48, wherein 3-HP is made by a biosynthetic route that utilizes a lactate intermediate.
 53. A method for making 3-HP, said method comprising culturing at least one cell comprising at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule that encodes at least one polypeptide that is capable of producing said 3-HP from lactate under conditions such that said 3-HP is produced.
 54. The method of claim 53, wherein said cells are selected from the group consisting of yeast, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, and Escherichia cells.
 55. A method for making 3-HP, said method comprising culturing at least one cell under conditions wherein said cell produces said 3-HP, said cell comprising lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity.
 56. The method of claim 55, wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of yeast, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, and Escherichia cells.
 57. The method of claim 55, wherein said cell comprises CoA transferase activity.
 58. The method of claim 55, wherein said cell comprises 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA hydrolase activity or 3-hydroxyisobutryl-CoA hydrolase activity.
 59. A method for making 3-HP, said method comprising: a) contacting lactate with a first polypeptide having CoA transferase activity to form lactyl-CoA, b) contacting said lactyl-CoA with a second polypeptide having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity to form acrylyl-CoA, c) contacting said acrylyl-CoA with a third polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity to form 3-HP-CoA, and d) contacting said 3-HP-CoA with said first polypeptide to form said 3-HP or with a fourth polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA hydrolase activity or 3-hydroxyisobutryl-CoA hydrolase activity to form said 3-HP.
 60. A method for making polymerized 3-HP, said method comprising culturing a cell under conditions wherein said cell produces said polymerized 3-HP, said cell comprising lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity.
 61. The method of claim 60, wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of yeast, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, and Escherichia cells.
 62. The method of claim 60, wherein said cell comprises CoA synthetase activity.
 63. The method of claim 60, wherein said cell comprises poly hydroxyacid synthase activity.
 64. A method for making polymerized 3-HP, said method comprising: a) contacting lactate with a first polypeptide having CoA synthetase activity to form lactyl-CoA, b) contacting said lactyl-CoA with a second polypeptide having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity to form acrylyl-CoA, c) contacting said acrylyl-CoA with a third polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity to form 3-hydroxypropionic acid-CoA, and d) contacting said 3-hydroxypropionic acid-CoA with a fourth polypeptide having poly hydroxyacid synthase activity to form said polymerized 3-HP.
 65. A method for making an ester of 3-HP, said method comprising culturing a cell under conditions wherein said cell produces said ester, said cell comprising lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity and 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity.
 66. The method of claim 65, wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of yeast, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, and Escherichia cells.
 67. The method of claim 65, wherein said cell comprises CoA transferase activity.
 68. The method of claim 65, wherein said cell comprises 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA hydrolase activity or 3-hydroxyisobutryl-CoA hydrolase activity.
 69. A method for making an ester of 3-HP, said method comprising: a) contacting lactate with a first polypeptide having CoA transferase activity to form lactyl-CoA, b) contacting said lactyl-CoA with a second polypeptide having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity to form acrylyl-CoA, c) contacting said acrylyl-CoA with a third polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase activity to form 3-hydroxypropionic acid-CoA, d) contacting said 3-hydroxypropionic acid-CoA with said first polypeptide to form 3-HP or a fourth polypeptide having 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA hydrolase activity or 3-hydroxyisobutryl-CoA hydrolase activity to form 3-HP, and e) contacting said 3-HP with a fifth polypeptide having lipase activity to form said ester.
 70. A method for making polymerized acrylate, said method comprising culturing a cell under conditions wherein said cell produces said polymerized acrylate, said cell comprising CoA synthetase activity and lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity.
 71. The method of claim 70, wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of yeast, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, and Escherichia cells.
 72. The method of claim 70, wherein said cell comprises poly hydroxyacid synthase activity.
 73. A method for making polymerized acrylate, said method comprising: a) contacting lactate with a first polypeptide having CoA synthetase activity to form lactyl-CoA, b) contacting said lactyl-CoA with a second polypeptide having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity to form acrylyl-CoA, and c) contacting said acrylyl-CoA with a third polypeptide having poly hydroxyacid synthase activity to form said polymerized acrylate.
 74. A method for making an ester of acrylate, said method comprising culturing a cell under conditions wherein said cell produces said ester, said cell comprising CoA transferase activity and lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity.
 75. The method of claim 74, wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of yeast, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, and Escherichia cells.
 76. The method of claim 74, wherein said cell comprises lipase activity.
 77. A method for making an ester of acrylate, said method comprising: a) contacting lactate with a first polypeptide having CoA transferase activity to form lactyl-CoA, b) contacting said lactyl-CoA with a second polypeptide having lactyl-CoA dehydratase activity to form acrylyl-CoA, c) contacting said acrylyl-CoA with said first polypeptide to form acrylate, and d) contacting said acrylate with a third polypeptide having lipase activity to form said ester.
 78. A method for making 3-HP, said method comprising culturing a cell under conditions wherein said cell produces said 3-HP, said cell comprising at least one exogenous nucleic acid that encodes at least one polypeptide such that said 3-HP is produced from acetyl-CoA and under conditions such that said 3-HP is produced.
 79. The method of claim 78, wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of yeast, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, and Escherichia cells.
 80. A method for making 3-HP, said method comprising culturing a cell under conditions wherein said cell produces said 3-HP, said cell comprising at least one exogenous nucleic acid that encodes at least one polypeptide such that said 3-HP is produced from malonyl-CoA and under conditions such that said 3-HP is produced.
 81. The method of claim 80, wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of yeast, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, and Escherichia cells.
 82. A method for making 3-HP, said method comprising culturing a cell under conditions wherein said cell produces said 3-HP, said cell comprising at least one exogenous nucleic acid that encodes at least one polypeptide such that said 3-HP is produced from P-alanine and under conditions such that said 3-HP is produced.
 83. The method of claim 82, wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of yeast, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, and Escherichia cells.
 84. A method for making 3-HP, said method comprising culturing cells comprising an exogenous nucleic acid that encodes polypeptides that are capable of producing 3-HP from acetyl-CoA under conditions such that said 3-HP is produced.
 85. The method of claim 84, wherein said cells are selected from the group consisting of yeast, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, and Escherichia cells.
 86. A method for making 3-HP, said method comprising culturing cells comprising at least one exogenous nucleic acid that encodes polypeptides that are capable of producing said 3-HP from malonyl-CoA, and under conditions such that said 3-HP is produced.
 87. The method of claim 86, wherein said cells are selected from the group consisting of yeast, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, and Escherichia cells.
 88. A method for making 3-HP, said method comprising: a) contacting acetyl-CoA with a first polypeptide having acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity to form malonyl-CoA, and b) contacting said malonyl-CoA with a second polypeptide having malonyl-CoA reductase activity to form said 3-HP.
 89. A method for making 3-HP, said method comprising contacting malonyl-CoA with a polypeptide having malonyl-CoA reductase activity to form said 3-HP.
 90. A method for making 3-HP, said method comprising: a) contacting β-alanine CoA with a first polypeptide having β-alanyl-CoA ammonia lyase activity to form acrylyl-CoA; b) contacting said acrylyl-CoA with a second polypeptide having 3-HP-CoA dehydratase activity to form said 3-HP-CoA; and c) contacting 3-HP-CoA with a third polypeptide having glutamate dehydrogenase to make 3-HP. a) contacting β-alanine CoA with a first polypeptide having β-alanyl-CoA ammonia lyase activity to form acrylyl-CoA; b) contacting said acrylyl-CoA with a second polypeptide having 3HP-CoA dehydratase activity to form said 3-HP-CoA; and c) contacting 3-HP-CoA with a third polypeptide having glutamate dehydrogenase to make 3-HP
 91. The cell of claim 1, 8, 29, or 30, wherein the cell produces 1,3-propanediol.
 92. A method for making 1,3-propanediol, comprising culturing the cell of claim 1, 8, 29, or 30 under conditions wherein the cell produces the 1,3-propanediol.
 93. A method for making 1,3-propanediol from 3-HP, comprising: making 3-HP using the method of any of claims 48-59 or 78-90; contacting the 3-HP with a polypeptide comprising oxidoreductase activity or a polypeptide comprising reductase activity.
 94. A method for making 1,3-propanediol from 3-HP, comprising: making 3-HP using the method of any of claims 48-59 or 78-90; contacting the 3-HP with a polypeptide comprising aldyhyde dehydrogenase activity and/or a polypeptide comprising alcohol dehydrogenase activity.
 95. A method for making 1,3-propanediol, comprising: transfecting the cell of claim 1, 8, 29, or 30 with a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide comprising oxidoreductase activity or with a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide comprising reductase activity; and culturing the transfected cell to allow the transfected cell to make 1,3-propanediol.
 96. A method for making 1,3-propanediol, comprising: transfecting the cell of claim 1, 8, 29, or 30 with a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide comprising aldyhyde dehydrogenase activity and/or with a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide comprising alcohol dehydrogenase activity; and culturing the transfected cell to allow the transfected cell to make 1,3-propanediol. 